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Psychology
Chapter 9
28
Psychology
12th Grade
04/19/2012

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Term
classical conditioning
Definition
a learning procedure in which associations are made between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
Term
neutral stimulus
Definition
a stimulus that does not initially elicit any part of an unconditioned response
Term
unconditioned stimulus
Definition
an event that elicit a certain predictable response typically without previous training
Term
unconditioned response
Definition
an orgamnism's automatic (or natural) reaction to a stimulus
Term
conditioned stimulus
Definition
a once-neutral event that elicits a given response after a period of training in which it has been paired with (occured just before) an unconditioned stimulus
Term
conditioned response
Definition
the learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus
Term
generalization
Definition
responding similarly to a range of similar stimuli
Term
discrimination
Definition
the ability to repsond differently to similar but distinct stimuli
Term
extinstion
Definition
the gradual disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus
Term
operant conditioning
Definition
learning in which a certain action is reinforced or punished, resulting in corresponding increases or decreases in occurence
Term
reinforcement
Definition
stimulus or event that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated
Term
primary reinforcer
Definition
stimulus that is naturally rewarding, such as food or water
Term
secondary reinforcer
Definition
stimulus such as money that becomes rewarding through its link with a primary reinforcer
Term
fixed-ratio schedule
Definition
a pattern of reinforcement in which a specific number of correct responses is requied before reinforcement can be obtained
Term
variable-ratio schedule
Definition
a pattern of reinforcement in which an unpredictable number of responses are required before reinforcement can be obtained
Term
fixed-interval schedule
Definition
a pattern of reinforcement in which a specific amount of time must elapse before a response will elicit reinforcement
Term
variable-interval schedule
Definition
a pattern of reinforcement in which changing amounts of time must elapse before a response will obtain reinforcement
Term
shaping
Definition
technique in which the desired behavior is "molded" by first rewarding any act similar to that behavior and then requiring ever-closer appoximations to the desired behavior before giving the reward
Term
response chain
Definition
learned reactions that follow one another in sequence, each reaction producing the signal for the next
Term
aversive control
Definition
process of influencing behavior by means of unpleasant stimuli
Term
negative reinforcement
Definition
increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs
Term
escape conditioning
Definition
training of an
Term
cognitive map
Definition
a mental picture of spatial relationships or relationships between events
Term
latent learning
Definition
alteration of a behavioral tendency that is not demonstrated by an immediate, observable change in behavior
Term
learned helplessness
Definition
condition in which repeated attempts to control a situation fail, resulting in the belief that the situation is uncontrollable
Term
modeling
Definition
learning by imitating others; copying behavior
Term
behavior modification
Definition
systematic application of learning principles to change people's actions and feelings
Term
token economy
Definition
conditioning in which desirable behavior is reinforced with valueless objects, which can be accumulated and exchanged for valued rewards
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