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Psychology
Chapter 4 Vocabulary
38
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
10/04/2011

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Term
Learning
Definition
Any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by practice or experience.
Term
Classical Conditioning
Definition
Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex. The learning depends on what is happening BEFORE the response.
Term
Ivan Pavlov
Definition
Russian physiologist who accidentally discovered classical conditioning. His dogs began salivating when hearing the bell (alone) because it had been paired with food.
Term
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
Definition
A naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response; unconditioned means unlearned. In this case, the food would be the unconditioned stimulus.
Term
Unconditioned response
Definition
An involuntary response to an unconditioned stimulus. In this case, the salivation would be the unconditioned response.
Term
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Definition
Stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original, unconditioned stimulus; conditioned means learned. In this case, the bell would be the conditioned stimulus, because it was paired with food and then caused salivation.
Term
Stimulus Generalization
Definition
The tendency to respond to a stimulis that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response.
Term
Extinction
Definition
The disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning).
Term
Spontaneous Recovery
Definition
The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred.
Term
Stimulus substitution
Definition
Original theory in which Pavlov stated that classical conditioning occurred because the conditioned stimulus became a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus by being paired closely together.
Term
Cognitive Perspective
Definition
Modern theory in which classical conditioning is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus.
Term
Conditioned emotional response (CER)
Definition
Emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli such as a fear of dogs. These may lead to phobias.
Term
Conditioned taste aversion
Definition
Development of nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association.
Term
Operant Conditioning
Definition
The learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses. The learning depends on what happens AFTER the response.
Term
B F Skinner
Definition
Gave operant conditioning its name; wanted to study only observable behavior.
Term
Reinforcement
Definition
any event or stimulus, that when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again.
Term
Positive reinforcement
Definition
the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus.
Term
Negative reinforcement
Definition
the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus
Term
Fixed interval
Definition
Schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that passes before reinforcement is always the same.
Term
Variable Ratio
Definition
Schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial event. Example – gambling/slot machines
Term
Punishment
Definition
Any event following a response that makes that response less likely to happen again.
Term
Punishment by Application
Definition
Punishment by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus
Term
Punishment by removal
Definition
Punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus.
Term
Problems with punishment
Definition
-it may cause child to avoid/fear the punisher instead of the bad behavior
- it may encourage lying to avoid punishment
-it may create fear and anxiety in general, not learning
- it may provide a model for aggression
Term
Effective Punishment
Definition
-it should immediately follow the bad behavior.
-it should be consistent.
-it should be paired, whenever possible, with reinforcement of the right behavior.
Term
Shaping
Definition
the reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired, more complex behavior.
Term
Successive approximations
Definition
small steps in behavior, one after the other, that lead to a particular goal behavior
Term
Behavior modification
Definition
the use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior.
Term
Token economy
Definition
– behavior modification in which good behavior is rewarded with tokens. Example: in juvenile detention, these tokens may be used to earn the privilege to smoke a cigarette or to earn hours away from the facility to visit family.
Term
Time out
Definition
A mild form of punishment by removal.
Term
Biofeedback
Definition
The use of feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses such as blood pressure and relaxation under voluntary control.
Term
Edward Tolman
Definition
Early cognitive scientist; did rat mazes
Term
Latent learning
Definition
learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful.
Term
Insight
Definition
The sudden solution of a problem; an ‘aha’ moment
Term
Learned helplessness
Definition
The tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past; the person (or animal) has learned from past experience that they are helpless. Example; Women experiencing domestic abuse. Also, Seligman’s dogs.
Term
Observational Learning
Definition
learning new behavior by watching someone model that behavior
Term
Albert Bandura
Definition
Bobo doll experiment
Term
Four elements of observational learning
Definition
Attention, Memory, Imitation, and Motivation
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