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Psychology
Exam 2 Study Guide
67
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
09/28/2011

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Consciousness
Definition
an individuals awareness of external events and internal sensations under a condition of arousal, including awareness of the self and thoughts about ones experiences
Term
Levels of awareness
Definition
higher level consiousness, lower level consciousness, altered states of consciousness, subconsious awareness, no awareness
Term
Lower-level consciousness
Definition
includes automatic processing that requires little attention as well as daydreaming; example is punching a number on a cell phone
Term
higher level consiousness
Definition
involves controlled processing in which individuals actively focus there efforts on obtaining thier goals the most alert state of consciousness; example is doing a math problem
Term
altered state of conciousness
Definition
can be produced by drugs, trama, fatigue, and possible hypnosis and sensory deprevation; example is feeling the effects of alcohol
Term
subconscious awareness
Definition
can occur when people are awake as well as when they are sleeping and dreaming; example is sleeping and dreaming
Term
no awareness
Definition
frueds belief that some unconscious thoughts are to laden with anxiety and other negative emotions for consciousness to admit them; example is having unconcious thoughts like being knocked out
Term
Biological Rhythms
Definition
periodic psychological fluctuations in the body such as the rise and fall of hormones and accelerated and decellerated cycles of brain activity that can influence behavior
Term
controlled processes
Definition
the most alert states of human consciousness during which individuals actively focus there efforts toward a goal
Term
Circadian Rhythms
Definition
daily behavioral or psycological cycles. Involves the sleep/wake cycle, body temp, blood pressure, and blood sugar level.
Term
REM Sleep
Definition
an active stage of sleep which dreaming occurs
Term
non-REM sleep
Definition
characterized by a lack rapid eye movement and little dreaming.
Term
insomnia
Definition
the inability to sleep
Term
Narcolepsy
Definition
disorder in which one has a sudden overwhelming urge to sleep, the urge is so uncomfortable a person may fall asleep during a conversation or standing up
Term
psychodynamic approach
Definition
an approach to psychology emphasizing unconcious thought, the conflict between biological drives such as the drive for sex and societies demands and early childhood family experiences
Term
activation-synthesis theory
Definition
theory that dreaming occurs when the celebral cortex synthesizes nueral signals generated from activity in the lower part of the brain and that dreams result from the brains attempts to find logic and random brain activity in sleep
Term
Physical Dependence
Definition
the psychological need for a drug that causes unpleasant withdrawal symptoms such as physical pain and cravings for the drug when it is discontinued
Term
psychological dependence
Definition
the strong desire to repeat the use of a drug for emotional reason such as a feeling of well being and reduction of stress
Term
Addiction
Definition
either a physical or psychological dependence or both on a drug
Term
Tolerance
Definition
the need to take an increase of a drug to get the same effect
Term
Depressants
Definition
psychoactive drugs that slow down mental and physical activity
Term
alcoholism
Definition
a disorder that involves long term, repeated, uncontrolled, compulsive, and excessive use of alcohol beverages and that impairs the users health and social relationships
Term
barbituants
Definition
depressant drugs such as nembutal and seconal that decrease central nervous system activity
Term
tranqualizers
Definition
depressant drugs such as volume, xanax that reduce anxiety and induce relaxation
Term
opiates
Definition
opium and its derivatives; narcotic drugs that depress activity in the central nervous system and eliminate pain
Term
stimulants
Definition
psychoactive drugs that increase the central nervous systems activity; the most widely used stimulants are caffiene nicotine, emphedimines, and cocaine
Term
hallucinogens
Definition
are also called psychodelics, psychoactive drugs that modifies a persons perceptionual experiences and produce visual images that are not real
Term
hypnosis
Definition
an altered state of consciousness or a psychological state of altered attention and expectation in which the individual is unusually receptive to suggestions
Term
hypnotizability
Definition
refers to the extent to which a persons responses are changed by being hypnotized
Term
divided consciousness view
Definition
hillgards view that hypnosis involves a splitting of consciousness into seperate components, one of which follows the hypnotists commands and the other of which acts as a hidden observer
Term
Social cognitive behavior view
Definition
theory that hypnosis is a normal state in which the hypnotized person behaves that way he or she believes a hypnotized person should behave
Term
Hypnagogic reverie
Definition
an overwhelming feeling of wellness right before you fall asleep, the sense that everything is going to work out
Term
learning
Definition
a systematic relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience
Term
Behavorism
Definition
a theory of learning focuses on soley observable behaviors discounting the importance of such mental activity as thinking, wishing, and hoping
Term
associative learning
Definition
learning that occurs when we make a connection or an association between two events
Term
observational learning
Definition
learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates anothers behavior (classical conditioning)
Term
classical conditioning
Definition
learning processes in which nuetral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and aquires the compacity to elicit a similar response
Term
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
Definition
a stimulus that produces a response without prior learning (shriek of pain)
Term
unconditioned response (UCR)
Definition
an unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the unconditioned stimulus (salivating w/ food)
Term
conditioned stimulus (CS)
Definition
a previously nuetral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being pairs with the unconditioned stimilus
Term
conditioned response (CR)
Definition
the learned response to the condition stimulus that occurs after a conditioned stimulus/unconditioned stimulus pairing
Term
Aquisition
Definition
the initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired
Term
generalization (Classical conditioning)
Definition
The tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response
Term
discrimination (CC)
Definition
The process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others
Term
Extinction (CC)
Definition
The weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent
Term
spontaneous recovery
Definition
The process in classical conditioning by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay without further conditioning
Term
renewal
Definition
The recovery of the conditioned response when the organism is placed in a novel context
Term
counterconditioning
Definition
a classical conditioning procedure for changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response
Term
aversive conditioning
Definition
a form of treatment that consists of repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus
Term
taste aversion
Definition
a special type of classical conditioning involving the learned association between a particular taste and nausea
Term
operant conditioning
Definition
Also called instrumental conditioning, a form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behaviors occurrence
Term
law of effect
Definition
Thorndikes law stating that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and that behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened
Term
shaping
Definition
rewarding approximations of a desired behavior
Term
reinforcement
Definition
the process by which a rewarding stimulus or event following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again
Term
+ Reinforcement
Definition
an increase in the frequency of a behavior in response to the subsequent presentation of something that is good
Term
- reinforcement
Definition
an increase in the frequency of a behavior in response to the subsequent removal of something that is unpleasant
Term
schedules of reinforcement
Definition
fixed ratio, fixed interval, variable interval, fixed interval
Term
avoidance learning
Definition
an organisms learning that it can altogether avoid a negative stimulus by making a particular response
Term
generalization (OC)
Definition
performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation
Term
discrimination (OC)
Definition
reponding appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced
Term
extinction (OC)
Definition
decreases in the frequency of a behavior when the behavior is no longer reinforced
Term
punishment
Definition
a consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur
Term
positive punishment
Definition
the persentation of an unpleasant stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of the behavior
Term
negative punishment
Definition
the removal of a positive stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of the behavior
Term
latent learning
Definition
also called implicit learning, unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior
Term
insight learning
Definition
a form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of a problems solution
Term
Habituation
Definition
Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations
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