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Psychology
Memory
37
Physiology
Undergraduate 3
10/02/2013

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Term
Memory
Definition
internal record or representation of some prior event or experience
Term
Constructive process
Definition
organizing and shaping of information during processing, storage, and retrieval of memories
Term
encoding, storage, retrieval (ESR) model
Definition
memory is formed through three processes: encoding (getting information in), storage (retaining information for future use), and retrieval (recovering information)
Term
encoding
Definition
processing information into the memory system
Term
stroage
Definition
retaining information for future use
Term
retrieval
Definition
recovering information from memory storage
Term
levels of processing model
Definition
degree or depth of mental processing occurring when material is initially encountered; determines how well material is later remembered
Term
maintenance rehearsal
Definition
repeating information over and over to maintain it in short-term memory
Term
elaborative rehearsal
Definition
linking new information to previously stored material (also known as deeper levels of processing)
Term
parallel distributed processing (PDP)
Definition
memory results from weblike connections among interacting processing units operating simultaneously, rather than sequentially
Term
three stage memory model
Definition
memory storage requires passage of information through three stages (sensory, short-term, and long-term)
Term
sensory memory
Definition
first memory stage that holds sensory information; relatively large capacity, but duration is only a few seconds
Term
short-term memory
Definition
second memory stage that temporarily stores sensory information and decides whether to send it on to long-term memory; capacity is limited to five to nine items and duration is about 30 seconds
Term
chunking
Definition
grouping separate pieces of information into a single unit (or chunk)
Term
working memory
Definition
alternate term for short term memory, which emphasizes the active processing of information
Term
long-term memory
Definition
third stage of memory that stores information for long periods of time; its capacity is virtually limitless, and its duration is relatively permanent
Term
explicit (declarative) memory
Definition
subsystem within long-term memory that consciously stores facts, information, and personal life experiences
Term
semantic memory
Definition
subsystem of explicit/declarative memory that stores general knowledge; a mental encyclopedia or dictionary
Term
episodic memory
Definition
subsystem of explicit/declarative memory that stores memories of personally experienced events; a mental diary of a person's life
Term
implicit (nondeclarative) memory
Definition
subsystem within long-term memory consisting of unconscious procedural skills and simple classically conditioned responses
Term
Serial-position effect
Definition
information at the beginning and end of a list is remembered better than material in the middle
Term
Retrieval cue
Definition
clue or prompt that helps stimulate recall or retrieval of a stored piece of information from long-term memory
Term
recall
Definition
retrieving a memory using a general cue
Term
encoding specificity principle
Definition
retrieval of information is improved when conditions of recovery are similar to the conditions when information was encoded
Term
relearning
Definition
learning material a second time, which usually takes less time than original learning (also called the savings method)
Term
retroactive interference
Definition
new information interferes with remembering old information; backward acting interference
Term
proactive interference
Definition
old information interferes with remembering new information; forward acting interference
Term
tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon
Definition
feeling that specific information is stored in long-term memory but being temporarily unable to retrieve it
Term
misinformation effect
Definition
memory distortion resulting from misleading post-event information
Term
source amnesia
Definition
forgetting the true source of a memory (also called source confusion or source misattribution)
Term
sleeper effect
Definition
information from an unreliable source, which was initially discounted, later gains credibility because the source is forgotten
Term
long-term potentiation
Definition
long-lasting increase in neural excitability, which may be a biological mechanism for learning and memory
Term
retrograde amnesia
Definition
loss of memory for events before a brain injury; backward-acting amnesia
Term
Consolidation
Definition
process by which neural changes associated with recent learning become durable and stable
Term
anterograde amnesia
Definition
inability to form new memories after a brain injury; forward acting amnesia
Term
Alzheimer's disease
Definition
progressive mental deterioration characterized by severe memory loss
Term
mnemonic device
Definition
memory-improvement technique based on encoding items in a special way
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