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Psychology
Chapters 1-4
50
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
09/04/2012

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Term
behaviorism
Definition
the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes
Term
humanistic psychology
Definition
historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth
Term
cognitive neuroscience
Definition
the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)
Term
psychology
Definition
the science of behavior and mental processes
Term
nature-nuture issue
Definition
the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors
Term
levels of analysis
Definition
the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenion
Term
biopsychological approach
Definition
an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis
Term
basic research
Definition
pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
Term
applied science
Definition
scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
Term
couseling psychology
Definition
a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being
Term
clinical psychology
Definition
a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
Term
psychiatry
Definition
a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who someitmes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy
Term
hindsight bias
Definition
the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that we would have forseen it; also know as (I knew it all along)
Term
critical thinking
Definition
thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions, rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions
Term
theory
Definition
an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observationas and predicts behaviors or events
Term
hypothesis
Definition
a testable prediction, oftne implied by a theory
Term
operational definition
Definition
a statement of the procedures used to define research variables, for example, human intelligence may be defined as what an intelligence test measures
Term
replication
Definition
repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances
Term
case study
Definition
an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
Term
survey
Definition
a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group
Term
population
Definition
all the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn
Term
random sample
Definition
a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance os inclusion
Term
naturalistic observation
Definition
observing and recording behavior in naturally occuring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
Term
correlation
Definition
the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other
Term
illusory correlation
Definition
the perceptiong of a relationship where none exists
Term
experiment
Definition
a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process
Term
random assignment
Definition
assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups
Term
experimental group
Definition
in an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable
Term
control group
Definition
in an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluation the effect of the treatment
Term
double-blind procedure
Definition
an experimental procedure in which both the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo, commonly used in drug evaluation studies
Term
placebo effect
Definition
experimental results caused by expectiations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condtion, which the recipient assumes is an active agent
Term
independent variable
Definition
the experimental factor that is manipulatined; the variable whose effect is being studied
Term
dependent variable
Definition
the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable
Term
culture
Definition
the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
Term
SQ3R
Definition
a study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Rehease, Review
Term
biological psychology
Definition
the scientific study of the links between biological and psychological processes
Term
neuron
Definition
a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system
Term
dendrite
Definition
the neuron's bushy, branching extenstions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body
Term
axon
Definition
the neuron's extension that passes messages through its branching terminal fibers that form junctions with other neurons, muscles, or glands
Term
action potential
Definition
a neural impluse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon
Term
threshold
Definition
the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
Term
synapse
Definition
the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron, the tiny gap at this junction
Term
neurtransmitters
Definition
chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons, when released by the sending neurons, these travel across the synape and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse
Term
endorphins
Definition
natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure
Term
nervous system
Definition
the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems
Term
central nervous system
Definition
the brain and spinal cord
Term
peripheral nervous system
Definition
the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body
Term
nerves
Definition
bundled axons that form neural cables connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs
Term
sensory neurons
Definition
neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord
Term
motor neurons
Definition
neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands
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