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Psychology Unit 1
History, perspective
60
Psychology
12th Grade
09/13/2011

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Psychology
Definition
The scientiftic study of behaviour  and mental processes
Term
The Four Goals of Psychology
Definition

DPEC

1. Description

2. Explanation

3. Prediction

4. Control

Term
The Scientific Method
Definition

1. Perceive the question

2. Form hypothesis

3. Test hypothesis

4. Draw conclusions

5. Report results that others can replicate

Term
Developmental Psychology
Definition
Study changing abilities from womb to tomb. Study physical, cognitive, and social changes throughout the human life cycle, discerning commonalities is just as important.
Term
Personality Psychology
Definition
Investigate persistent traits
Term
Cognitive Psychology 
Definition

Experiment with how people perceive, think, and solve problems. Examine human thoughts and behaviour in terms of how we interpret, process, and remember environmental events. The rules that we use to view the world are important in understanding why we think and behave the way we do. Overall, human behaviour cannot be full understood without examining how people acquire, store, and process information. 

 

Buzz Words: Mental process, thinking, feeling, remembering, beliefs, language, intelligence, cybernetics, problem solving

 

Key People: Jean Piaget, Noam Chomsky 

Term
Sensation Psychology
Definition
how we gather information and send it to the brain
Term
Perception Pscyhology
Definition
Perception refers to the way we interpret what we take in our senses. The way we perceive our environment
Term
Comparative Psychology 
Definition
Study of animals behaviour and comparing it to humans in order to go deeper into human psychology
Term
Biopsychology/Neuroscience
Definition

An organism's functioning can be explained in terms of the bodily structures and biochemical processes that underlie behaviour. how the body and brain enable emotions, memeories, and sensory experiences. Considers the influences of biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors.

 

Buzz words: brain (any structure), neurons, nervous system, hormones, body chemicals, chemical imbalance, geners, heredity, drugs, medicine

Term
Humanistic Pschology
Definition

Belief that we choose most of our behaviours and these choices are giuded by physiological, emotional, or spiritual needs. HUmans are free, rational beings with the potential of personal growth, and they are fundamentally different from animals. Historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people; used pesonality methods to study personality in hopes of fostering personal growth.

 

Buzz Words:  free-will, self-actualization, self-concepts, people are inheirently good.

 

Key People: Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

Term
Sociocultural (socio-cultural) 
Definition

Looks at how our thoughts and behaviours vary from people living in other cultures. Emphasizes the influence culture has on the way we think and act. Explore how we view and affect one another.

 

Buzz Words: Social, socialization interaction, culture, race, ethnicity, religion

 

 

Term
Wilhelm Wundt
Definition
Father of psychology. Studied in structuralism. Used intropection
Term
Intropection
Definition
Scientific procedure to study feelings
Term
Stimulus
Definition
 a stimulus is part of the stimulus-response relationship of behavioral learning theory.
Term
William James
Definition
Father of American Psychology. Pusblished Principles of Psychology. Studied with functionalism. Inspired by Darwin
Term
Edward Titchner
Definition
Wundt's student. Also studied with structuralism
Term
Max Wertheimer
Definition
Claimed we perceive and think about wholes rather than simply about combinations of separate elements. Founded Gestalt.
Term
B.F. Skinner
Definition
Operant Conditioning and invented the Skinner Box. A behavioural scientist. Study observable behaviour and reinforcement, not mental processes. A leading behaviourist, who rejected intropection and studied how consequences shape behaviour
Term
John B. Watson
Definition
Championed pscyhology as the science and behaviour and demonstrated conditioned responses on a baby who became famous as "Little Albert". FATHER OF BEHAVIOURISM. Study of environment and learned observable behaviour
Term
Sigmund Freud
Definition
Creator of Psychoanalysis. believed the unconscious mind contained supresses thoughts, memories, and desires. Theory of personality
Term
Critical Thinking
Definition
High ordered thinking that questions assumptions. Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence and assesses conclusions
Term
Operational Definition
Definition
Definition of a variable of interest that allows it to be directly measured
Term
Hypothesis
Definition
a testable prediction; often implied by theory
Term
Theory
Definition
an explanation using and intergrated set of principles that organizes observation and predict behaviours and events
Term
Descriptive Research
Definition
Research to describe. Answers who, what, when, where, how. Also known as statistical research. Desrcibes datat and characteristic about the population or phenomenon being studied
Term
Naturalistic Observation
Definition

Observing and recording behaviour in naturally occuring situation without trying to manipulate and control the situation

 

Pros: behaviour is observed in a natural setting, much information is obtained, hypothesis and questions for additional research is formed

 

Cons: Researcher cannot interact with subject. Researcher may interpret subject's reponses incorrectly or may be bias. little or not control is possible

Term
Case Study/Clinical Method
Definition

Psychologists study one or more individuals in great depth in hope of revealing things true in all of us; a thorough, exhaustive study of a person. It inclues personal, educational. family, and work histories.

 

Pros: A wealth of background information about one person; takes advantage of "natural clincal trials" and allows investigation or rare and unusual events.

 

Cons: Information cannot be generalized to otehrs; also, researcher's biases can influence a subject's behaviour. Little or no control as well as no control group for comparison; subjective interpretation and isngle case can be misleading

Term
Survey Method
Definition

Public polling techniques used to answer psycholgical questions

 

Pros: Allows information about large numbers of people to be gathered

 

Cons: Obtaining a representative sample is critical an can be difficult to do; answers can be inaccurate; people ma not do what they say or do

Term
Observer Bias
Definition
Observer bias occurs when the observers (or researcher team) know the goals of the study or the hypotheses and allow this knowledge to influence their observations during the study
Term
Correlation Study
Definition

The degree of correlation between two existing traits, behaviours, and events. A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together and thus of how well either factor predicts the other

 

Pros: Deomonstrates the existence of relationships; allows prediction; can be used in a lab, clinic, or natural setting.

 

Cons: Little or not control; relationships may be coincidental; cause and effect relationships cannot be confirmed

Term
Positive Correlation
Definition
2 variables vary systematically in the same direction
Term
Negative Correlation
Definition
2 variables that vary in opposite directions
Term
Independent Variable
Definition
Variable in an experiment. The experiment factor that is manipulated; the variable whose affect is being studied. The thing that is expected to cause change
Term
Dependent Variable
Definition
the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to the manipulations of the independent variable
Term
Variable
Definition
Anything that can change or vary
Term
Extraneous/Confounding variable
Definition
An extraneous variable whose presence affects the variables being studied so that the results you get do not reflect the actual relationship between the variables under investigation.
Term
Experimental Study
Definition

A formal trial undertaken to confirm or disconfirm a hypothesis, as well as identify a cause and effect relationship

 

Pros: Clea cause and effect can be identified; powerfully controlled

 

Cons: May be artificial; natural behaviour is not allways possible to observe

Term
Experimental Group/ Condition
Definition
Subjects in an experiment who are subjected to the independent variable
Term
Control Group/ Condition
Definition
Subjects in an experiment who are not subjected to the independent variable and who may receive a placebo treatment (controls for a confounding varaible)
Term
Random Assignment
Definition

Every member of the population being studied should have an equal chance of being selected for the study. A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has a equal chance of inclusion

-works in national studies

Term
Single-Blind Experiment
Definition
Subjects don't know if they are in control group or experiment
Term
Double-blind experiment
Definition
Experimenter and subject don't know who is in the control or experimental group. An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies
Term
Placebo
Definition
Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behaviour caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active agent
Term
Population
Definition
All cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study
Term
Sample
Definition
Selected segment of the population
Term
Random Sampling
Definition
Every member of the population being studied should have an equal chance of being selected for the study
Term
Biased Sample
Definition
A statistical sample of a population where some members of the population are less likely to be included than others
Term
Gender Bias
Definition
Bias against gender
Term
Courtesy Bias
Definition
A tendancy to give answers that the subject thinks the experimenter wants to hear in order to get praise or not to hurt feelings
Term
Ivan Pavlov
Definition
Pioneered the study of learning. Classical conditioning with dogs and salivation. Behavioural
Term
Validity
Definition
Results that are truthful, no bias
Term
Reliability
Definition
Idea that we are testing what we believe should be testing
Term
Nature
Definition
Product of biological makeup. 
Term
Nurture
Definition
Product of the environment and society 
Term
Genes
Definition
The biochemical units for making and organism, consistently of all the geneti material in that organism's chromosomes
Term
Genomes
Definition
The complete instructions for making an organism; consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes. The entirity of that organism's heredity information
Term
Chromosomes
Definition
threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain genes
Term
Social Learning Theory
Definition
The theory that we learn social behaviour by observing and imitating and by being rewarded and punished
Term
Gender Schema Theory
Definition
the theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behaviours accordindly
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