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Psychology Test
Ch 9 Test
145
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
12/02/2008

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Term
Active phase
Definition
The term used for the stage of schizophrenia when a person exhibits severe positive symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions. Speech is odd and the person shows disorganized behavior. The active phase is when people are diagnosed with the disorder and the phase may last for many years. Pg 367
Term
Acute Stress Disorder
Definition
ASD is a distressing reaction to a traumatic experience. The symptoms of ASD are just like PTSD. ASD is the diagnosis of symptoms for the first month. Pg 381.
Term
Agoraphobia
Definition
Very broad fear in which a person is nervous about going out in public pg 380
Term
Alexithymia
Definition
A personality trait in which a person has difficulty identifying emotions, describing emotions in words, and distinguishing between emotional feelings and body sensations. Pg 300
Term
Alzheimer's Disease
Definition
The most common form of dementia, which results from an abnormal buildup of amyloid protein in the brain. Pg 404
Term
Amenorrhea
Definition
Women with anorexia experience this. The absence of a menstrual cycle. Pg 396
Term
Anorexia Nervosa
Definition
An eating disorder in which a person does not eat enough. This person refuses to maintain a normal body weight, has an intense fear of becoming fat, and has a disturbance in the concept of her or his body shape. Pg 396
Term
Antidepressants
Definition
Medicines that increase the activity of certain brain neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and norepinephrine, used in the treatment of depression and other disorders. Improvement usually occurs in 60 to 80 percent of patients who take medications. Pg 377
Term
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Definition
People with antisocial personality disorder are unable to appreciate the feelings of others. They often act in ways that are cruel and thoughtless. This disorder was once classified as psychopath. People with this disorder often get in trouble with friends, family, and police. This disorder is more common in men. They are involved in criminal activity and so no remorse for others. Pg 400
Term
Attention Deficit Disorder/Hyperactivity Disorder
Definition
A disorder seen more often in children that causes difficulty paying attention and sitting still. Signs of brain damage are found in 5% of ADHD cases. Pg 389
Term
Atypical antipsychotic drug
Definition
New neuroleptic drugs that have psychological properties different than traditional antipsychotics. Used to treat schizophrenia. Reduces hallucinations and slurred speech.
Term
Autism
Definition
A serious developmental disorder that causes debilitating symptoms including bizarre behaviors, lack of language development, lack of social development, impaired nonverbal behavior (such as eye-to-eye gaze), impaired peer relationships, and lack of social reciprocity. Pg 388
Term
Beta amyloid protein
Definition
Alzheimers is caused by the buildup of proteins called beta amyloid that damage brain cells and result in brain cell clumps called plaques. Pg 390
Term
Binge
Definition
Eating a large amount at one time pg 396
Term
Binge Eating disorder
Definition
More common than the two traditional DSM eating disorders. About 2% of men and 4% of women engage in frequent binge eating. The problem is more serious with poor people. Pg 398
Term
Bipolar disorder
Definition
A type of mood disorder in which a person experiences mania as well as depression. There are three categories of bipolar disorder, hypomania, cyclothymia and dysthymia.
Term
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Definition
(BDD) – A type of somatoform disorder in which people complain that they are extremely ugly and repugnant to others pg 384
Term
Borderline Personality Disorder
Definition
This syndrome is marked by instability in personal relationships, emotional dysregulation, problems with self image, feeling empty, depression, fear of abandonment, and impulsive behaviors. Pg 401
Term
Bound anxiety
Definition
Anxiety that is connected to some object or situation; anxiety that only occurs in certain conditions pg 379
Term
Bulimia Nervosa
Definition
An eating disorder in which a person binges and purges. Pg 396
Term
Catatonia
Definition
A symptom of schizophrenia that involves body movements. Sometimes a sufferer will stand perfectly still for hours, and then suddenly will run wild. People with schizophrenia have this. In a lot of cases there is something wrong with the patient’s muscle system. Pg 364
Term
Catatonic type
Definition
A subtype of schizophrenia. Symptoms include motor immobility, extreme negativism, mutism, or pecularities of voluntary movement. Pg 365
Term
Circadian Rhythm
Definition
Literally “circle around the day”, this is a term for the body’s biological rhythm. Pg 398
Term
Clanging
Definition
A symptom of schizophrenia in which a person talks in rhymes pg 364
Term
Cognitive behavior therapy
Definition
One of the most promising treatments for mood disorders. Patients learn to change their thinking and their behaviors and these changes result in improved moods. Pg 377
Term
Comorbidity
Definition
The condition when psychological disorders often occur together pg 397
Term
Compulsion
Definition
Behaviors that people feel they must do lest something horrible happen. For example people with OCD that wash their hands excessively. Pg 380
Term
Concordance rate
Definition
Identical twins who have the same identity do not necessarily concur in having schizophrenia. The concordance rate for identical twins is roughly 50%. Pg 368
Term
Conversion Disorder
Definition
A reference to the idea that a person’s psychological problems have been converted into simulated physical problems. Pg 383
Term
Creutzfeld-Jakob Disease (DJD
Definition
A bizarre dementia that results from a misshapen protein in the brain known as a prion. This disorder is rare but there is a new variation which occurs from eating meat from an infected animal. Pg 392.
Term
Culture-bound disorder
Definition
Disorders that arise as part of the folklore, the superstitions, or simply the common beliefs of a particular culture of people. Pg 406
Term
Cutting
Definition
It is common for people with borderline personality to cut themselves. Pg 401
Term
Cyclothymia
Definition
A bipolar disorder in which mood swings are mild pg 373
Term
Deficit schizophrenia
Definition
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia that do not respond to medications but therapies have had some success treating them pg 364
Term
Delusion
Definition
False beliefs that are held despite clear evidence to the contrary. Often experienced by people with psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia. Pg 363
Term
Delusion of grandiosity disorganized type
Definition
A subtype of schizophrenia. Person shows very disorganized speech and behavior. Pg 365
Term
Dementia
Definition
Injury or disease of the brain that permanently decreases a person’s cognitive abilities, such as memory. Pg 390
Term
Depersonalization Disorder
Definition
A type of dissociative disorder in which a person feels detachment or estrangement from himself. Some suffers report feeling like a robot or automaton, or as if living in a dream. They feel outside their bodies. Pg 388
Term
Diathesis-stress theory
Definition
The idea that a disorder is caused by a combination of a genetic potential (a diathesis) and something in the person’s experience (stress). Pg 369
Term
Dissociative Amnesia
Definition
A form of repression, a blocking of memory retrieval, that occurs when a person has experienced a psychological shock. Pg 386
Term
Dissociative Disorders
Definition
A group of disorders in which people experience a disassociation, a split or break, in their conscious awareness or identity. Pg 386
Term
Dissociative Fugue
Definition
A person with dissociative fugue may suddenly move to another city and mentally block out the past and assume a new identity. Pg 386
Term
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Definition
A psychological disorder in which people alternate between different identities. It can also be called split personality. Pg 386
Term
Dopamine hypothesis
Definition
The idea that schizophrenia is caused by excessive dopamine activity. Pg 370
Term
Double depression
Definition
The diagnosis used when a person meets the criteria for both major depression and dysthymia. Pg 374
Term
Down syndrome
Definition
The condition in which a child inherits an extra chromosome #21 resulting in a total of 47 chromosomes instead of 46. Causes mental retardation and certain physical features. Pg 404
Term
DSM-IV
Definition
The current version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Pg 359
Term
Dysthymia
Definition
A depressive disorder in which a person has at least two symptoms that persist for two years or more pg 374.
Term
Echolalia
Definition
Parrot-like speech common in autism and some cases of schizophrenia. Pg 365
Term
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Definition
Commonly called “shock treatment”. A treatment for mood disorders which uses electrical current to cause a brain seizure. Pg 377
Term
Emotional Expression (EE)
Definition
The degree to which families use lots of criticism and threats with their family members who have schizophrenia, a circumstance that causes symptoms to be more visible and severe. Pg 368
Term
Endophenotypes
Definition
A characteristic that is not easily observed on the surface, such as a brain wave pattern. Endophenotypes are often used to identify classify, or understand psychological disorders. Pg 360
Term
Epidemiology
Definition
The study of the frequency and distribution of a disorder within a population. Pg 385
Term
Erectile Dysfunction
Definition
A man’s inability or difficulty in achieving an erection. Pg 395
Term
Etiology
Definition
Various causes and influences of somatoform disorders pg 385
Term
Eugen Bleuler
Definition
A psychiatrist who invented the word schizophrenia but later said he wished he had not because of the confusion that it caused. His idea was that a person with schizophrenia has a separation between different components of the mind, such as emotion and behavior. Pg 361
Term
Exhibitionism
Definition
The type of sexual disorder (paraphilia) in which a person exhibits his genitals to strangers. Pg 395
Term
Factitious Disorder
Definition
Also known as Munchausen by proxy, The psychological disorder in which a person purposely makes someone else sick, typically by his or her child, solely for the purpose of getting medical attention. Pg 394
Term
Fetish
Definition
The type of sexual disorder in which a person must used an object or a part of the body in order to achieve sexual satisfaction. Pg 395
Term
Fight or Flight
Definition
Body changes that occur when encountering a stressor. Pg 382
Term
Flashback
Definition
Sudden memories of the trauma replayed in thoughts and images, panic attacks, and other psychological distress. Pg 381.
Term
Flight of ideas
Definition
A symptom of mania in which a person’s mind cannot hold attention to one idea for very long. A person cannot sit still, sleeps very little, becomes impulsive, experience hallucinations and does things that they later regret. The person crashes into a severe low after a manic high. Pg 373.
Term
Formal thought disorder
Definition
A core symptom of schizophrenia that involves disorganized thinking, such as loosening of associations. Pg 364
Term
Free-floating anxiety
Definition
General anxiety, anxiety that is not bound to anything. Pg 379
Term
Gender Identity Disorder
Definition
The type of sexual disorder in which an individual’s biological sexual characteristics do not match his or her mental idea of his or her gender. Pg 396
Term
Gene-environment interaction
Definition
The idea that traits and characteristics result from an interaction between specific genes and specific experiences. Pg 374
Term
General Adaptation Syndrome
Definition
The body’s reaction to stress. Has three phases. Alarm stage, resistance stage, and exhaustion stage. Pg 382
Term
General Paresis
Definition
A disorder caused when the syphilis germ infects the brain, also known as neurosyphilis. Pg 404
Term
Glove Anesthesia
Definition
A type of conversion disorder in which a person complains that his hand is numb, but that he still has feeling in his arm. It was common among teenage boys hundreds of years ago when they were taught that masturbation would cause horrible problems such as blindness. Pg 384
Term
Hallucination
Definition
A false perception, experienced by people with psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia. Pg 362
Term
Hans Selye
Definition
A Canadian psychologist who studied stress more than anyone. He concluded that stress affects the body in three ways. The body’s reaction to stress called the General Adapatation syndrome. Pg 382
Term
Hebephrenia
Definition
The previous term for “disorganized schizophrenia” that literally refers to a child-like mind. Pg 365
Term
Human sexual response cycle
Definition
The normal psychological events that occur during sexual arousal. The cycle is divided into four stages: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. Pg 395
Term
Huntingintons Disease
Definition
A form of dementia caused by a dominant gene on chromosome 4 that strikes late in life and eventually results in death due to destruction of major brain areas. Pg 392
Term
Hypersomnia
Definition
Excessive sleepiness for at least one month pg 398
Term
Hypochondriasis
Definition
Also the term hypochondriac is used. Patients show an intense fear and worry about developing many different health problem. The worrying is serious, extended and unfounded. Pg 384
Term
Hypomania
Definition
Mild maniac episodes pg 373
Term
Insomnia
Definition
A sleep disorder in which a person has difficulty sleeping that persists for at least one month. Pg 398
Term
Krapelinaian
Definition
It stands for very poor outcome. Krapelianian was A nineteenth century psychiatrist who wrote the first important classification of mental disorders pg 366
Term
La Belle Indifference
Definition
a French term meaning the beautiful indifference which is used to refer to the seemingly lack of concern shown by conversion disorder patients about their loss of body functions, such as loss of vision 383
Term
L-dopa
Definition
A medicine used to treat Parkinson’s disease because it is a precursor of dopamine and helps the brain make more of that neurotransmitter. 392
Term
Learned Helplessness
Definition
Apathetic behavior shown by animals that have been in unpleasant situation with no possible escape; a model for how depression might be caused. Pg 406
Term
Lifetime incidence
Definition
The incidence that a person would be diagnosed with an illness in their lifetime. For example about one in a hundred people in their lifetime will be diagnosed with a serious disorder. Pg 366
Term
Light therapy
Definition
(phototherapy) – People suffering from SAD who sit in front of a light for a few hours each night during winter months. Increases serotonin activity. Pg 378
Term
Locus coerulus
Definition
The part of the brain that triggers the physiological reactions to danger. Pg 379
Term
Loosening of associations (derailment)
Definition
A symptom of schizophrenia in which a person makes odd and loose connections between ideas or words. Pg 363
Term
Major depression
Definition
A serious mood disorder in which a person suffers from a number of symptoms including low mood or disinterest in things. The person must have five of the nine symptoms to be considered including low mood, lost of interest or pleasure in things, change in appetite, change in sleep patterns, agitation or retardation in movement, loss of energy, feelings of guilt, problems concentration, and thoughts of suicide pg 360
Term
Mania
Definition
Those who have bipolar and experience high mood swings pg 373
Term
Masters and Johnson
Definition
William Masters and Virginia Johnson studied sexual dysfunction extensively. They defined the human sexual response cycle. Pg 395
Term
Melatonin
Definition
A hormone that helps to regulate the sleep-wake cycle. Pg 398
Term
Mental Retardation
Definition
The term used for people whose IQ scores are significantly below average. The current definition requires scores more than two standard deviations below average. About 3% of people fall within the criteria. 389
Term
Mild cognitive impairment
Definition
When people have some decline in memory and mental abilities but not severe enough to be diagnosed as Alzheimer’s. Pg 390
Term
Munchausen syndrome by proxy
Definition
Also known as factitious disorder by proxy. The psychological disorder in which a person purposely makes someone else sick, typically by his or her child, solely for the purpose of getting medical attention. Pg 394
Term
Narcolepsy
Definition
A neurological sleep disorder in which a person suffers from sleep attacks .pg 398
Term
Neologism
Definition
A word made up by a person with schizophrenia. Pg 364
Term
Neuroleptic drugs
Definition
Medicine used to treat schizophrenia and other psychosis that blocks dopamine receptors in the brain. Pg 370
Term
Nightmare Disorder
Definition
– a disorder where a person experiences consistent nightmares pg 398
Term
Obsession
Definition
An idea or thought that intrudes uncontrollably in a person’s mind. Pg 380
Term
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Definition
An anxiety disorder in which a person experiences obsessions and compulsions pg 380
Term
Orgasmic Dysfunction
Definition
A woman’s inability to achieve orgasm pg 395
Term
Pain Disorder
Definition
The patient is experiencing pain that is being created in their brain pg 384
Term
Panic disorder
Definition
A type of anxiety disorder in which a person has attacks of extreme anxiety that seem to come out of nowhere. They may believe they are having a heart attack because the heart and breathing are too fast. Pg 379
Term
Paranoid schizophrenia
Definition
A subtype of schizophrenia. The primary symptom is delusions of persecution. The person believes others are trying to harm him. Pg 365
Term
Paraphilia
Definition
The type of sexual problem in which a person has an unusual way of achieving sexual gratification. Pg 395
Term
Parkinson's Disease
Definition
A common form of dementia in which damage to a particular brain area reduces the production of dopamine and thus causes muscle tremors (shaking) and eventual death. Pg 392
Term
Pedophilia
Definition
Sexual attraction to children pg 396
Term
Personality Disorder
Definition
Are ingrained, developmental problems that are relatively lifelong, inflexible, and enduring pg 399
Term
Phobia
Definition
A psychological disorder in which a person experiences irrational fears about something that is not harmful. Pg 380
Term
Pineal Gland
Definition
A gland that is part of the endocrine system, located about in the middle of the brain, that secretes melatonin. Helps to regulate the biological rhythms. In the dualist view of Rene Descartes, the pineal gland was where the mind and soul are located.
Term
Plaques and Tangles
Definition
Brain cell clumps and twisted deformed brain cells pg 390
Term
Positive vs. negative symptoms
Definition
positive – things like hallucinations and delusions. Negative – things the patient does not do often enough pg 364
Term
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Definition
An anxiety disorder in which people experience traumatic events and continue to experience significant problems many months and even year later. Pg 381
Term
Poverty of speech
Definition
– People with schizophrenia are very quiet, and when they do speak they are not expressive or descriptive in their choice of words pg 364
Term
Premature Ejaculation
Definition
When a man ejaculates too soon for a woman’s pleasure. The most common of the sexual dysfunctions. Pg 395
Term
Prion
Definition
The misshapen protein that causes Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease pg 404
Term
Prodromal
Definition
A term that refers to the early signs of an illness pg 367
Term
Prognosis
Definition
– The expected course and outcome of a disorder. Pg 365
Term
Psychache
Definition
Used to refer to the horrible psychological distress experienced by suicidal people. The main ingredients are feelings of hopelessness and loneliness. Pg 375
Term
Psychological autopsy
Definition
An investigation of the cause of a person’s suicide. As many as 75% of suicide victims are suffering from a mood disorder. Pg 377
Term
Psychotic disorder
Definition
Severe problems in which a person experiences perceptions and thoughts that are not real, that are out of touch with reality pg 361
Term
Purge
Definition
Remove the food from the stomach by self induced vomiting or the use of laxatives pg 396
Term
Rapid cycler
Definition
People who have more than three cycles of mania and depression in a year. Tend to have severe symptoms and do not respond well to medication treatments.
Term
Residual type
Definition
A subtype of schizophrenia for patients whose symptoms have improved but are not completely gone. Pg 367
Term
Ruminate
Definition
to mentally go over and over certain thoughts pg 378
Term
Schizophrenia
Definition
- The most common of the psychotic disorders. Contrary to popular view this is not multiple personality. Schizophrenia is a severe brain disorder in which a persona loses touch with reality and lives in a mental world full of confusion and falsity. Pg 361
Term
Seasonal affective disorder
Definition
A mood disorder in which a person is especially sensitive to fluctuations in the amount of light, and therefore experiences low moods during the winter in high latitudes. Women suffer from SAD more then men. Pg 375
Term
Senile vs. pre senile dementia
Definition
Older people with dementia vs younger people with dementia pg 390
Term
Sexual dysfunction –
Definition
The type of sexual problem that has been extensively studied by Masters and Johnson, problems that couples have with sexual performance. Pg 395
Term
Sleep Apnea
Definition
A sleep disorder in which a person cannot sleep and breathe at the same time. pg 399
Term
Social withdrawal
Definition
the most common negative symptom of schizophrenia. Pg 364
Term
Somatization Disorder
Definition
When a person has many physical complaints without organic causes for them and these complaints persist for years pg 383
Term
Somatoform Disorders
Definition
A group of psychological disorders in which a person’s psychological problems are converted into simulated body problems. Pg 383
Term
Splitting
Definition
The tendency to view people as all good or bad, and switching suddenly and unexpectedly between the two extremes pg 401
Term
Squeeze Technique
Definition
A classical conditioning procedure used in the treatment of premature ejaculation. Pg 395
Term
Stress
Definition
Defined as any demand on the body, or when your body is thrown off balance, out of equilibrium. Pg 382
Term
Stressor
Definition
Anything that places a demand on your body pg 382
Term
Suicide vs. suicide attempt
Definition
Suicide, the person dies, an attempt they are still alive. Women make more attempts since they have higher rates of depression. Pg 376
Term
Syndromes
Definition
A group or cluster of symptoms (complaints) that are associated with a disorder pg 360
Term
Transexualism
Definition
An adult gender identity disorder in which there is a mismatch between the biological sexual characteristics and the psychological gender identity. Pg 396
Term
Transvestism
Definition
A type of sexual fetish in which a man needs to wear women’s clothing in order to get sexual satisfaction. Pg 396
Term
Undifferentiated type
Definition
A subtype of schizophrenia in which the patient’s symptoms do not fit into any of the other subtypes pg 365
Term
Unipolar
Definition
One extreme. What many depressive disorders are. Pg 373.
Term
Vaginismus
Definition
The sexual dysfunction when a women’s vaginal muscles tighten before sexual intercourse making it painful pg 395
Term
Ventricles
Definition
The hollow cavities of the brain through which the spinal fluid move. They are larger in brains with schizophrenia pg 369
Term
Voyeurism
Definition
The type of sexual disorder (paraphilia) in which a person secretly watches other people engaged in sexual activities. Pg 395
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