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Psychology of Women
final exam
72
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
06/27/2012

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

What are the diagnostic criteria for
Major Depressive Episode

 

Definition

1)depressed mood

2)loss of pleasure

3)Weight change up or down 5%

4)Insomnia or Hypersomnia

5)Psychomotor agitation or retardation

6)fatigue

7)feeling of worthlessness

8)loss of concentration

9)Suicide ideation

 

A)must have 5+ symptoms, including 1) or 2)

B)must not be concurrent with manic/depressive episodes

C)must cause significant impairment of functioning

D)must not be caused by drugs, medication, unrelated conditions

Term

Diagnostic Criteria for

Major Depressive Disorder, Recurrent

Definition

A) The presence of 2+ Major Depressive Episodes (atleast 2 months in between)

B) The px doesn't actually have schizophrenia or related disorders, delusional disorder, psychotic disorder etc.

C) The px has not had a Manic Episode, a Mixed Episode or a Hypomanic Episode. (doesn't count if they took medication that caused this however!)

 

Term
What is the Lifetime Prevelance Rate of depression in Japan? US?
Definition

Japan: 3%

US: 17%

Term
What 3 methods are used to measure Depression?
Definition

1) Zung Self Report Scale

2) Beck Depression Inventory(BDI-II)

3) Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)

 

Term

Describe

Beck Depression Inventory

 

(BDI-II)

 

Definition

 

Beck Depression Inventory

(BDI-II)

21 questions with 4 options each that measure mental and physical symptoms of depression. 

 

 

 

Term

Desribe

Zung Self Report Scale

 

 

 

Definition

Self rating their own feelings on 20 items on a scale of 1-4. Items are 50% negative and positive. Score of 50=depression. Score of 69=Severe depression.

 

 

Term

Describe

Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)

 

Definition

 

20 questions, positive and negative, asks how much of the week was spent feeling certain ways. Score higher points for negative questions. Not to be used as a diagnostic tool, but rather to measure depressive symptoms.

 

Term
In North America, the probability of having a Major Depressive Epsode within a year long period is within what percentage range for men and women?
Definition

Men: 3-5%

Women: 8-10%

Term
population studies have shown Major depression to be how many times as common in women?
Definition
twice as common
Term

The National Population Health Survey (NPHS)  showed what about women and depresive episodes?

 

(Stewart, Gucciardi & Grace, 2004)

Definition

showed that women aged 12 and up reported symptoms of major depressive episodes twice as much as men as far back as 1994.

Term

The Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) found that which 5 high risk factors caused depression?

 

(Patten, Wang, Beck & Maxwell, 2005)

Definition

Measured the annual prevalence of Major Depression against risk factors: age, marital status, income, immigrant status & race.

 

Found that the most at risk are young, single,poor, canadian, minorities.

 

Some others include: low social support, giving birth, anxiety issues, low self esteem, drug abuse, chronic medical conditions.

Term
Name the 2 broad treatment types for Depressive Disorders
Definition

1) Psychological

2) Pharmocological

Term
Detail the Psychological approach to Depression treatment
Definition
Consists of psychological (cbt, behavioral,psychdynamic), educational(information) and social methods (peer support, self help).
Term
Who perscribes the most Depression drugs? Are there any gender/age influences?
Definition
Mostly prescribed by family physicians. Women are less likley than men to be refered to psychologists however. Women and older people are more likley to take anti-depressents but by 2000 men caught up.
Term
Describe the Pharmacological approach to Depression treatment
Definition

made up of three broad drug categories:

1) Tricyclic Antidepressents

less popular in favor of newer drugs which produce better results and fewer side effects.

2) SSRI (selective seritonin reuptake inhibitors)

 

3) SNRI (Seritonin and Noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors)

 

Term

Who is more likely to take anti depresents?

Men or Women?

Young or Old?

Definition

Women

Old

Term

Who reports higher levels of depression,

Men or Women? What accounts for this gender difference?

Definition
Women report more symptoms than men. This gender difference is due to role/psychological factors, social factors and Biological factors?
Term
Role/Psychological Factors can be divided into 3 categories:
Definition
1) Traits 2) Coping Skills 3)Cognitive Attributes
Term

Role/Psychological Factors: part 1: TRAITS

describe

Definition

Differences in self esteem, self worth cause women to have more risk. Some girls associate self worth with appearance. This adolescent low self esteem may play into future tendancies to report depressive symptoms.

Term

Role/Psychological Factors: Part 2: Coping Skills

DESCRIBE

Definition

Women more dependant on relationships for happiness

 

Feminine gender role orientation in the BEM sex role inventory is a predictor of depressive symptoms.

 

Women Ruminate more than men. Connected to longer episodes of depression.

 

Women are more able to remember emotional life events. Men have a less intense emotional experience of the world.

 

Men use  focused/instrumental coping while women use emotion based coping, blaming themselves or venting anger on others.

 

Women also use Cognitive Avoidance Coping: denying and minimizing stressors.

Term

 

Describe the basic model of the Kinsey Scale and how it has changed over the years.

 

Definition

1st Kinsey Scale:Rating of ONLY sexual behavior

 

2nd Kinsey Scale:Rating of sexual behavior, sexual feelings

 

3rd Kinsey Scale:sexual behavior, feelings, attractions, fantasies

 

Term

 

What are the ratings for the Kinsey Scale?

 

Definition

 

0= Exclusive Hetero                4= Homo, chance hetero

 

1= Hetero, chance homo          5= Homo, >chance homo

 

2= Hetero, >than chance homo 6= Exclusive Homo

 

3= Equally hetero and homo

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

Describe the Self Labeling Method measurement

 

Definition

 

Choose 1 or more to describe yourself:

 

gay, lesbian, bi, hetero, transgendered, queer, other

 

 

 

Term

 

Describe the Behavioral Method of measurement

 

Definition

 

A direct measure of how many sexual partners the person has had. This does not define preference, but rather types of sexual encounters as M/f. M/m. f/f.

 

Term

 

What did the Kinsey Study on Incidence of Homosexuality show?

 

Definition

 

1940s: more m than f having at least 1 gay sexual encounter resulting in orgasm. More m in exclusive same sex behavior than women.

 

 

1970s same

 

1980's slight increase in overall gay sex encounters

 

 

1990's 15-20% more same sex encounters, while only 4-17% consider themselves gay. So, there is more gay sex, but few admit/feel that they are actually gay. So, types of sex do not define orientation.

 

 

 

Term

 

In Australia, what % of men and women are straight/gay?

 

Definition

 

            Straight         Gay

 

MALE       97%        15.1%

 

FEMALE   97.4%       8.6%

 

Term

 

In Australia, how many consider themselves gay? How many have gay sex? What does this mean?

 

Definition

 

2-3% are actually gay while 20% are having gay sex. Having gay sex doesn't mean you consider yourself gay, or FEEL as though you are gay. Behavior does not beget sexuality.

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

In Canada, what type of person is most likely to admit to being gay?

 

Definition

 

AGE. Elderly are much more likely than the young to admit to being gay.

 

Term

 

n Britain, are women or men more likely to admit being gay?

 

Definition

 

WOMEN.

 

Term

 

he National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles showed what results?

 

Definition

 

 

 

British survey that showed women being gay/ displaying gay sexual behavior rose up over the last decade. Women on women attractions foes up 11.7% in just 10 years. They are much more likely than men to engage/ be comfortable with this behavior.

 

Term

 

A Cornell study of university students showed what?

 

Definition

 

Female uni students more likely to admit to being gay. Out of the whole group aged 14-94, 7-8% of all of them were gay. Isolating for age showed that 50 year old males are 15% likely to be gay. Something special about that particular age for men.

 

Term

 

What to Causal Theories imply about Sexuality?

 

Definition

 

That it is somehow changeable. Eg, if it is biological, then it can be cured. If it is learned, then it can be unlearned...

 

 

 

Term
What is the main idea/ bio logic behind biological/ neuroendocronological theories of Sexuality?
Definition
-biological origin= childhood evidence
Male brain is feminized, female brain is masculinized. Gender atypical behaviors during childhood are a result of this and lead to gay orientation in adult life.
Term
Does childhood gender non-conformity show up more in males or females?
Definition
-males. However, nobody has bothered to study women because of this. So we don't really know anymore.
Term
Studies on childhood gender atypical behavior are based on what 2 types of evidence?
Definition
-retrospective (memory) and perspective (observation)
Term
Does gender atypical behavior lead to gay adult orientation?
Definition
yes
Term
 
What test is frequently used to determine types of gendered behavior in children?
Definition
-the childhood sex atypical behavior Questionnaire
Term
Describe the basic outline of the "childhood sex atypical behavior questionnaire"
Definition
-list of y/n questions about m/f atypical behaviors all to do with "feeling like"To determine atypical/ typical gender behaviors in children. Administered to <13 yrs.
Term
Name the 5 main behavioral research theories for biological origin of sexuality.
Definition
1-behavior of non hunan animals
2-prenatal hormone exposure
3-sex differences/ hormonally mediated traits
4-handedness

Term
What is Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia?
Definition
-Only 1/140000 babies born with it and 5% become gay adults. To much/ too little sex hormones in womb effecting body and brain genitals etc. Intersex.
Term

Name the 4 reasons why Childhood sexuality research may not be that accurate of a predictor for homosexuality.

 

Definition

1)not all gays display gender atypical behavior

2)px are usually screened for gender dysphoric disorders

3)men and women are socialized differently

4)px are all european

Term

Behavioral Research Theories

 

Describe the "Behavior of Nonhuman Animals" research.What is the main problem with this research?

Definition

used female rats given high doses of Androgens.They tried to mate with female rats as males did. So, male hormones make females act like males.

 

The "altered" rat is the "lesbian" rat. Why not judge the "Normal" rat for it's submissive behavior?

Term

Behavioral Research Theories

 

Describe the main assumption and evidence behind "Prenatal Hormone Exposure" theory.

Definition

Exposure to male/female hormones in the womb must be what masculinize/feminize us, leading to atypical gender behavior. For example, Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia is evidence of too much/ too little hormones leading to atypical developement of the brain/body.

Term

Behavioral Research Theories

 

Describe the "Sex Differences/Hormonaly Mediated Traits" theory. What does it assume? Give an example.

Definition

Assumes that males and females have physical and mental differences as a result of how hormones have mediated their growth in different ways.

 

For example, laterilization of the male brain may make him better at spatial tasks. Gay men (like women?) have less spatial ability.

Term

Behavioral Research Theories

 

Describe the "Handedness" theory.

Definition

Males are more likely to be left handed.

CAH women and Lesbians however are ALSO more likely than women to be left handed.

Term

Biological Research

Finger Length

Definition

singh study

 

-males have longer 2nd and 4th digit fingers caused by androgen hormone in the womb.

--comparison of butch vs femme lesbians showed that butch lesbians have longer 2nd and 4th digits aswell.

-have more gender atypical behaviors, could be related to more androgen in the womb, making them more like men?

Term

Biological Research



Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Study

Definition

Swab, Hoffman

 

SCN is 1.7x larger in gay men.

 

SCN is not related to sexuality, but does regulate circadian rythms.

 

Meaning unclear..

Term

Biological Research



Interstitial Nucleus of Anterior Hypothalamus Study

Definition

Levay

  • INAH has 4 regions.
  • Study of gay/straight meales and females who all died of AIDS.
  • INAH 3 is 2x bigger in straight men compared to gay men, followed by straight then gay women.
  • So, size of INAH 3 is somehow related to masculinity.
Term

Biological Research



Anterior Commissure Study

Definition

Allen/Gorski


Looked to the AC to explain sex differences.
AC = fibres that connect the two hemispheres of brain
AC is largest in gay males then straight women and men.
AC thickness related to Femininity

Term

Biological Research



Bed Nucleus of Stria Terminalis Study

Definition

Zhov et al

BNST biggest in:

straight males vs straight females

gay males vs gay females

 

BNST equal in:

trans men = trans females

 

*size of BNST related to emotion and sexual behavior.

Term

Biological Research

 

Replication of Levay Study

Definition

Byne et al

 

sampled HIV + & - straight/ gay men and women.

 

*INAH1=gender not effected.

*INAH3=straight males bigger than gay males, straight females are smallest

 

so, it is more related to GENDER, not necceiarly orientation. Males have 60% more cells than females, which would explain the size difference.

Term
Name the 4 main critiques of Biological Theories
Definition

1) sex differences are debateable

2) animal studies are stupid, they don't express sexuality the same way humans do.

3) gender non conformity is the strongest biological theory, which  has nothing to do really with behavior.

4) Lesbians are not researched enough to gain true answers

Term
Genetic Theories of Homosexuality focus mainly on what types of subjects?
Definition
TWINS! specifically monozygotic twins, as they are the closest you can get to having two copies of the same genetic code, with different socializations.
Term

Genetic Theories: Twin Studies

 

Kallman Study

Definition

DZ {    gay exclusive    11.5% concordance

       gay any amount    42.3% concordance

 

MZ { Gay any amount  100% concordance

 

highly criticized!!

 

Term
Genetic Theories: Twin Studies Kallman Study
Definition
Term

Genetic Theories: Twin Studies

 

King & Mcdonald- concordance %

Definition

mz 25%

dz 12%

Term

Genetic Theories: Twin Studies

 

Daily & Pillard Studies

Definition

Study 1

 

MonoZ: 52%   Adoptd:  11%

DiZ:      22%  Bio Sibs: 9.2%

 

Adopted siblings have more of a chance than biological siblings to be concordantly homosexual, this is NOT consistant with heretibility theory, more socialization.


Study 2

Controlled for gender and found that genetics were at play for the FEMALE sample only..


 

Term

Genetic Theories: Twin Studies

 

Kendler, Thorton, Gilman, Kessler Study

Definition

HUGE study. Thousands of px.

 

same sex MZ: 31.6%

opp.  sex DZ: 13.3%

 

MZ + sib: 21.4%

DZ + sib: 15.1%

 

Clearly, Monozygotes have a much higher concordance rate, even with non twin siblings, shows that gayness is in fact heritable.

Term

Genetic Theories: Pedigree

 

Hamer et al. Pedigree Analyses

 

What did they find?

Definition

Gay men with gay siblings recalled more family members on the mothers side that were gay.

 

xChromosone from mothers side was isolated for all subjects and found "xq28" genetic code similarity, 5 gentic markers total. The gay gene?

 

 REPLICATED BY 2 OTHERS AND FOUND NO EVIDENCE OF GENE IN LESBIAN AND GAY SAMPLES..

Term

Vangelist and Daly's study revealed 3 important truths about the female perspective on intimate relationships:

 

Definition

1) women report more problems than men

2) more lonely in marriage

3)initiate more seperation

Term
Why are women so much more unhappy in relationships than men?
Definition
because of RELATIONAL STANDARDS. Female criteria for "good" relationships are not met, and they consider them more important than men do, so they are more unhappy than men in relationships.
Term
Describe "Relational Standards" in the context of female relationships.
Definition
beliefs one holds of the criteria of qualities relationships should have.
Term
Describe "criteria of excellence" in the context of female relationships.
Definition
goals and aspirations for romantic relationships
Term
What are the names of the two different models used to describe the differences in female/male perspectives on relationships?
Definition

1) different cultures model

2)different experiences model

Term
Describe the Different Cultures Model
Definition

Burlson

 

Men and women approach relationships from 2 seperate cultural perspectives.

 

Women: aware of relational issues, complex emotional views

 

Men: indepenent, shared activities, positive instrumental behavior:chores, labour division

Term

Describe the Different Experiences Model

 

Definition

Men and Women enter relationships with similar standards but have a different experience.

 

Womens experience is from a caretaker role, meeting the emotional expectations for her partner. Men are therefore more likely to have their needs met.

 

More likely to express appreciation for their partner  because they have better nonverbal communication skills. Creates a system in which men will always be more satisfied.

 

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