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Psychology of Women
Test#1 - Summer 2011 - VCU
86
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
06/20/2011

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Term
Why do we need Psychology of Women?
Definition
Don't want to minimize gender differences, gender role socialization
Term
Traditional psychology has been psychology of ____.
Definition
men
Term
Steps to Scientific Method (applied to Psychology with biases against women)
Definition
Formulate hypothesis, design/perform/interpret data
Term
Problem with some hypotheses
Definition
based on bias theories
Term
Problems that occur while designing a study
Definition
Confounding variables (extra variable that occurs differently for M's&F's, can affect study)
Term
Problems that can occur when performing a study
Definition
Researcher/participants may expect something (therefore it happens)
Term
Problems when interpreting data
Definition
inappropriate generalizations
Term
Psychology is both basic and _______ science.
Definition
applied
Term
Sex
Definition
inborn bio charactertistics; relates reproduction such as sex chromosomes, organs
Term
Gender
Definition
psychological characteristics, social categories created by human culture
Term
Sexism
Definition
bias against people on the basis of their gender
Term
essentialism
Definition
gender is a basic, unchangable characteristic that resides within an individual, "exists inside the person"
Term
Social constructionist perspective of gender
Definition
biologically being born male/female takes on different meanings in different cultures, situational, and historical contexts; males/females shaped by culture
Term
"doing gender"
Definition
how we perceive gender, may respond one way to men and a completely different way to women
Term
Essentialism vs. Social Constructionism
Definition
Essentialism = universal, stable, gender is something a person has
(not supported by research any longer)
Soc. Const. = not stable or universal, dynamic process, depeonds on experiences
Term
Other types of biases
Definition
Racism, classism (social class), ableism (disability), heterosexism (lesbians, bi's, gays, etc.), ageism (age)
Term
Frequency distribution
Definition
shows scores on a variable of interest and the number of people in a sample who received each score
Term
What is a non overlapping distribution?
Definition
all members of Gender X score higher on the psychological variable than all members of Gender Y.

Men and women are not COMPLETELY different, explanation doesn't work and should avoid using the word "opposite sex"
Term
Overlapping distribution
Definition
some members of Gender X score higher on the psych variable than all members of Gender Y; substantial overlap in score of both genders (difference between averages of the two groups)
Term
You can make predictions about an individual based on an average, T or F?
Definition
False, you CANNOT.
Term
feminism definition (Matlin's)
Definition
belief system that values women's experiences and ideas, and argues that women and men should be socially, economoically, and legally equal
Term
feminism definition for this class
Definition
Matlin's definition + commitment to working for positive social change
Term
Liberal feminism
Definition
everyone benefits if we reduce our culture's rigid gender roles, passing laws that guarentee equal rights for both genders; differences between both are relatively small
Term
Cultural feminism
Definition
society should be restructured to emphasize cooperation instead of aggression; emphasizes the positive qualities that are presumed to be stronger in women than in men (women are nurturing/caretakers)
Term
Radical feminism
Definition
cause or women's oppression lies in entire sex and gender system; society needs to dramatically change its policies on society
Term
Woman-of-color feminism/womanist perspective
Definition
none of the other types of feminism are good enough because they don't consider ethnicity/social class; eliminate racism, classism, and sexism
Term
See diagrams of Downing and Roush's Model
Definition
Easiest way to look at "the process"
Term
"The personal is political"
Definition
we tend to blame the victim because we tend to view a person's behavior out of context (women who couldn't show up to job example, couldn't show up because of issues with childcare, etc.)
Term
Gender stereotypes
Definition
organised, widely share set of beliefs about characteristics of females and males
Term
Prejudice
Definition
a negative attitude or emotional reaction (a MINDSET)
Term
Discrimination
Definition
biased action toward members of a particular group (a AA gets into a pool, group of EA's snicker/get out - an ACTION)
Term
Power
Definition
possession of control/authority, influence over others
Term
Oppression
Definition
prejudice + discrimination + power
Term
Problems with traditional gender roles
Definition
Male roles considered "superior," minimizes individual differences in both sexes, lack of conformity ='s deviance
Term
Institutionalized androcentrism
Definition
priveledging of males experience, perspective gets incorporated into social institutions
Term
Nonconscious ideology
Definition
beliefs/assumptions we have without being aware we're doing so (ex. women are supposed to have children), we're all sexist SOMEhow
Term
The APA currently has no policies on non-sexist language in the journals it publishes, true or false?
Definition
False, they publish only gender neutral journals.
Term
Themes of women in the media
Definition
stereotyped images of women promote behaviors, self-images, and attitudes; sexually aggressive media promotes violence against women
Term
Research tends to show stronger stereotypes on implicit measures of attitudes than on explicit measures, trust or false?
Definition
True, if you don't know you're being tested about stereotypes then the participants were more likely to admit to them.
Term
Hostile sexism
Definition
based on the idea that women should be subservient to men and "know their place"
Term
Benevolent sexism
Definition
argues for women's special niceness/purity, views women as pure creatures who should be protected/adored, love is necessary to make a man complete
Term
Glick & Fiske, 2001 results
Definition
In countries where women have less education, high paying jobs, etc. the men there are usually hostile sexists.
Term
Problems with benevolent sexism.
Definition
May sound chivalrous but it may show women as "weaker" and that they can't protect themselves without a man around (which is also not great just not as bad as hostile sexism)
Term
Why might stereotypes form?
Definition
Social Cog. approach thinks that we need belief systems (stereotypes) to help simplify/organize the world
Term
Self-fulfilling prophecies and stereotype threats
Definition
individual in a group may be hampered by a negative stereotype/reminded about it before a test, performance may suffer (self-fulfilling prophecy)
Term
Androgyny
Definition
men and women can shared traits
Term
Bem Sex Role Inventory (1974)
Definition
widely used self-repost measure, rate adjectives to describe self
Term
Sexist discrimination can be ______,_____, and ________.
Definition
blatant, covert, subtle and it's still fairly common according to research
Term
Genotype
Definition
genetic make-up of the individual
Term
Phenotype
Definition
physical characteristics of an individual from genotype and environment
Term
Development is 80:20
Definition
80% environment, 20% genetic
Term
Examples of sex-linked traits
Definition
color blindness, hemophilia
Term
Males are more likely to receive recessive traits because they only have one X chromosome, true or false?
Definition
True.
Term
XY
Definition
boy
Term
XX
Definition
girl
Term
testes
Definition
6 weeks
Term
ovaries
Definition
10 weeks
Term
penis and clitoris
Definition
3 weeks
Term
Gender typing
Definition
how children acquire their knowledge of gender, how they acquire personality traits, skills, behaviors, self-concepts
Term
Androgen-insensitivity syndone*
Definition
genetic males, penis doesn't fully develop considered girls but have no uterus
Term
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia*
Definition
genetic females, female parts look masculine
Term
The True Story of John/Joan
Definition
genetic male suffered complete loss of penis due to botched circumsion; expert gave him advice to get reassignment surgery to be a female
Term
Outdated Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud)
Definition
penis envy, turns to dad to give him a baby, ultimately identifies with Mom, etc.
Term
Social learning theory
Definition
contemporary approach, children learn by modeling from other people; children rewarded for gender-appropriate behavior and vice versa
Term
Cognitive-developmental theory
Definition
leaves child ability to choose their own gender; children actively synthesize and create their own thoughts
Term
Social learning and cognitive development approached work well together to explain children's gender development
Definition
Term
SLT
Definition
emphasizes behavior
Term
Cog. Dev ='s
Definition
emphasizes thinking
Term
puberty
Definition
biological event; everyone experiences it, age to which someone become reproductively ready
Term
Adolescence
Definition
culturally defined; transition phase between childhood/adulthood
Term
Every girl experiences adolescence the same way across races/ethnic groups, etc. True or false?
Definition
False, every girl every wear across ever ethnic group and race has a unique experiences
Term
Adolescence brings about discord for girls. Things like body image and _______ arise during this stage along with a gain in weight.
Definition
sexuality
Term
Females in adolescence also face pressure to ______ everyone and also be mature at the same.
Definition
please
Term
Many of the feelings and beliefs we havev about menstruation are derived from social _________.
Definition
taboos
Term
Examples of social taboos about menstruation.
Definition
mood swings, cleanliness, odor, sexuality, fertility
Term
What year were sanitary products ads unbanned from TV and radio?
Definition
1972
Term
Terms used to describe menstruation.
Definition
Monthly gift, Code Red, Mother Nature, the flow, Code Red, that time of the month
Term
Women all experiences menstruation in different ways, true or false?
Definition
True. It can impact one girl differently than the next girl and it's not all the same situation.
Term
Common changes/symptoms of periods
Definition
Headaches, fatigue, dizziness, breat tenderness, bloating
Term
Dysmenorrhea
Definition
menstrual pain (cramps and back pain), fairly common, hormonal imbalance during period
Term
amenorrhea
Definition
absense of periods; can happen in elite athletes and women with anorexia
Term
Who calls PMS a cultural bound syndrome?
Definition
Chrisler, said PMS is a constellation of symptoms that have been categorized as a dysfunction in some societies more than others
Term
During a period intellectual declines can occur, true or false?
Definition
False, there is no physically or intellectual deficiency suffer during a period.
Term
Subtle sexism
Definition
ex. sexist language (reinforces sexist stereotypes)
Term
Covert sexism
Definition
ex. chauvinism (men depreciating women, "men are superior"), purposefully hidden from view
Term
Blatant sexism
Definition
defined as obviously unequal and unfair treatment of women relative to men; telling a women you're not hiring her because she's a women
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