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Psychology of Women
TEST ONE REVIEW
117
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
02/03/2008

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Term
What psychological issues are specific to women? What topics are generally discussed from male point of view?
Definition
-mothers
-periods
-educators
-pregnancy
-homemakers
-menopuse
-childbrith
-more suicide attempts
-nurses
-more verbal
-worry about their physical looks
-eating disorders
-more victims of sexual crimes
-abortion
-different views on promesquity
-basic human rights
-miscarriage
Term
What topics are generally discussed from male point of view?
Definition
sexual addiction
-religious belief
-sports
-war
-money
-jobs/leadership positions
-politics
-education
-achievement
-sexuality
-homosexuality
-legal system
-retirement
-serial killers, etc.
-medical
-substance abuse
-aggression
-porn
Term
Difference between sex and gender
Definition
Sex- is the way we are biologically born.

Gender- Is the subjective sense of who I am sexually
Term
What is feminism,
Definition
fight for equal rights
*belief system that emphasizes that woman and men should be socially,
economically and legally equal.*
-does not exclude rights of men.
Term
what are the positions of the 4 types of feminsim?
Definition
Liberal
Cultural
Radical
Women-of-color feminism
Term
liberal femenism
Definition
focuses on goal of gender equality
-encourages laws to guarantee equal rights for men and woman
(examples of equal rights: right to vote, abortion, right to own property,
equal rights amendment)
-believe differences are relatively small and would be even
smaller if woman were give equal opportunities
-believes we would all benefit if rigid gender roles were reduced.
Term
Cultural Feminism
Definition
emphasizes positive equalities generally associated with woman-
loving, caring, nurturing...
-believes gender differences are large
-believes culture should change to value cooperation (woman)
over agrgression (men)
Term
- Radical Feminism
Definition
believes sexism permeates our society
-massive social changes are needed to root out sexism that is seen
at every level from single man to woman relationships to internaional
affairs.
Term
- Woman-of-color feminism
Definition
believes other 3 types ignore ethnicity and social classes
-deeper changes needed tahn to just focus on white, middle-class
heterosexual woman and then adjusting this to fit other groups.
(you have to look deeper into the groups)
Term
woman are basically servants helping others---- 3
-to many thing white woman...-------- 4
-laws must be made...--------- 1
-my goal as a feminist is to value strength...----- 2
-woman are more peaceful than men...------2
Definition
woman are basically servants helping others---- 3
-to many thing white woman...-------- 4
-laws must be made...--------- 1
-my goal as a feminist is to value strength...----- 2
-woman are more peaceful than men...------2
Term
Similarities perspectives
Definition
(Liberal and radical will agree more)
-social constructions- we create our version of reality based on our experiences,
interactions, and beliefs.
(not because they are different but because we expect them to be different)
research supports this perspective.
Term
Differences perspective
Definition
(radical or cultural will agree more with this perspective)
-essentialism- gender is basic, unchangeable characteristics that come
from within the person not from culture.
(essentially would say that woman will behave in all cultures, which is NOT
what we see. This is not supported by research)
Term
Know all of chapter one even though we didnt discuss it in class
Definition
know all of chapter one eventhough we didnt discuss it in class
Term
- Sources of bias in gender research
Definition
Stereotype, Prejudice, descrimination
Term
stereotype
Definition
- the thinking beliefs about a group (doesn't have to be negative) /// maybe partially true
Term
Prejudice
Definition
- feeling - negative attitude toward a group
Term
Discrimination
Definition
- when you act on your stereotypes// actions against someone from a specific group
Term
Bias- covers all threeBias- covers all three
Definition
Bias- covers all three
Term
How have women been represented historically, in religion, in language, in media, effects of biased representations
Definition
Term
1. Aristotle- Women can't develop fully as rational being more likely to be envious and to lie.
Definition
Historically:
Term
Religion and Mythology
Definition
1. Adam & Eve
2. Yin/ Yang Light intellect goodness/ Darkness ignorance evil
3. Hinduism: an unmarried woman or widow has no personal identity
Term
General Themes from Religion
Definition
1. Women are evil
2. Terrifying witches- Medusa, Hera, succubi, Sirens, Eve
3. Virtuous- Virgin Mary, Cinderella, Muse, Mother Earth
Term
Androcentrism
Definition
Men are normal women are different-
Term
Implicit stereotypes
Definition
Components of prejudice
Women typically viewed as less competent.
Especially by males
When little info about qualifications
We tend to prefer the man

Evaluators who have expertise in an occupation are especially likely to downgrade women

Bias against women may be strongest when a woman is acting in a stereotypically masculine fashion

Women are seen as typically being more pleasant unless she is a feminist
Term
Components of prejudice toward women, ambivalent sexism
Includes 2 competing types of sexism
Definition
Hostile and Benevolent sexism
Term
Hostile Sexism
Definition
Blatant women should know their place
Term
benevolent sexism
Definition
emphasizes womens special niceness purity but focuses on how diffreent they are from men
Term
Males somewhat higher than women on benevolent sexism and they are much higher on hostile in countries with low gender equality rate higher on both
Definition
Males somewhat higher than women on benevolent sexism and they are much higher on hostile in countries with low gender equality rate higher on both
Term
- What countries show least discrimination toward women, most discrimination
Definition
Eastern countries show most discrimination towards women and western cultures show least discrimination toward them
Term
Heterosexism
Definition
Heterosexism- 1/3 of lesbians and gay men report having been assaulted
Marriage not allowed

Less insurance coverage

Men more negative than women toward homosexuals

Both genders are more negative toward gay men then lesbians if you have more traditional gender roles you're more likely to have negativity toward homosexuals
Term
Consequences of gender stereotypes
Definition
-– cognitive errors, behavior, internalizing stereotypes
Term
Cognitive errors
Definition
Confirmation bias, Memory bias, Gender polarization, androcentrism
Term
Confirmation bias
Definition
- tend to notice what we expect to see
Term
Memory bias
Definition
also tend to remember gender consistent info better
Term
Androcentrism
Definition
: Biased judgments about abilities tend to think women will be better at some things, men at others
Term
Attributions
Definition
explanations about the causes of someone else’s behavior
Term
Stereotype threat
Definition
: priming subconscious women do worst at math test
Term
Androgyny
Definition
- no longer believed to be an advantage
Term
Puberty is sometimes called the
Definition
worst of both worlds
Term
Puberty
Definition
age at which a person becomes physically able to sexually reproduce
Term
Average age for female puberty
Definition
11-12/ range 9-14
Term
Average age for male puberty
Definition
10 to 17
Term
Secondary Sex characteristics
Definition
a. : Body parts related to sex not critical for it
Term
a. Girls become curvier (Increase in body fat, especially in the hips)
b. Acne, B.O.
Definition
a. Girls become curvier (Increase in body fat, especially in the hips)
b. Acne, B.O.
Term
A. Menarche
Definition
1. Beginning of menstruation (period)
Term
Earliest to reach menarche?
Definition
Black and Latina
Term
Middle to reach menarche
Definition
White
Term
Latest to reach menarche
Definition
Asian
Term
Reasons why different women reach menarchy at different times may be related to ...?
Definition
body fat
Term
Menarchy is a _______ life transition for a girl
Definition
major
Term
Menarchy is a _______ life transition for a girl
Definition
major
Term
nothing really on ____ and _______to support this phase in a female's developement
Definition
TV and movies
Term
Period
Definition
1. is vaginal bleeding resulting in the loss of build up tissue lining the uterus which had been built up in preparation for a fertilized egg that never arrived.
Term
A. Period (cont.)
Definition
1. Involves numerous hormones whose levels fluctuate over 28 day cycle
Term
First day of cycle is
Definition
1. first day of bleeding
Term
Dysmenorrhea
Definition
1. = Cramps, headache, nausea, dizziness, lower back pain, fatigue.
Term
periods last for
Definition
1. Lasts for 3 to 7 days
Term
1. Pain only lasts for
Definition
1 to 4 days
Term
1. Text says _______to ______ percent get it
Definition
fifty to seventy five percent
Term
_________women more likely to get it
Definition
Anxious
Term
Menorrhagia
Definition
1. :Menstrual disorders involving unusually heavy periods
Term
PMS
Definition
1. : Pre menstrual ,,,, symptoms include headaches breast soreness or swelling nausea, acne, increased pain sensitivity irritability anxiety low energy tearfulness
Term
PMS occurs on what day(s)?
Definition
1. Days 21-28 of cycle
Term
What percentage of women suffer from PMS?
Definition
1. Text says 2-5 % have it
Term
Some think its so prevalent because its
Definition
culturally expected
Term
Not all women experience pain during menstruation. Some women experience a phenomenon called ...
Definition
menstrual Joy
Term
_______ think even touching a menstruating woman is revolting
Definition
Some cultures/// they have dishes and silverware specifically for the menstruating women
Term
Teen magazine ads ...
Definition
46 ads hide it 1 ad celebrates it. More adds ACCORDING TO TEXT...hide it.
Term
Body Image
Definition
1. : Same emphasis on importance of woman’s looks
Term
1. Women less satisfied with bodies after looking at_______
Definition
fashion magazines
Term
Strongest predictor of self worth in women is ______
Definition
Physical appearence
Term
Strongest predictor of self worth in men is___________
Definition
athletic performance
Term
_______atheletes have higher self esteem than other women
Definition
women
Term
Most adolescents support femenist ideas but few________
Definition
would call them selves femenists
Term
People who support feminist beliefs have greater______
Definition
ego development
Term
Adolescents who consider self to be very feminine less likely to share ____
Definition
femenist ideas
Term
A. Ethnic Identity
Definition
1. Sense that I belong to an ethnic group
2. No difference between boys and girls
3. Whites less concerned about this
4. White as normative messages in beauty magazines TV
Term
A. Self Esteem
Definition
1. How much I like and value myself
2. Little difference between boys and girls
3. Late teens women take a dip in their self esteem relative to boys
4. Black girls don’t seem to show a dip in self esteem
5. Neither do upper class girls
Term
1. in ______ and ______ teachers may expect more from boys and to give them more attention may choose examples of interest to boys
Definition
Math and Science
Term
_______may react negatively to girls who are good in math and science
Definition
Boys
Term
Females do better in schools that emphasize gender than class equality have hugh expectations of girls encourage leadership and have...
Definition
mentor programs
Term
_______percent of college students are female
Definition
56
Term
Females earn 51 percent of
Definition
Ph.D's
Term
_______percent of college teachers are female much less in science math engineering
Definition
39
Term
There are messages of them not being welcomed in math and other male dominated feilds
Definition
...
Term
Adolecent males and females tend to aspire to similarly _______Careers
Definition
prestigious
Term
1. Females tend to be more likely to choose __________careers
Definition
nontraditional
Term
Women who aspire to nontraditional high prestige careers tend to
Definition
1. get good grades be independent assertive confident emotionally stable assertive satisfied with her life
Term
Females let go of dream because boys don’t
Definition
1. like smart girls
Term
1. Have feminist attitudes, middle or upper class moms who have worked outside home supportive family work experience
Definition
1. Have feminist attitudes, middle or upper class moms who have worked outside home supportive family work experience
Term
Most adolescents have strong emotional bonds with parent and get along well especially on big issues like
Definition
values and politics
Term
________are typically closer to mom
Definition
women
Term
Acceptance of girls carious emotions is still greater than the acceptance of emotions in_________
Definition
boys
Term
Both sexes experience close friendships
Definition
there is really no clear answer in the research to clear that up.
Term
Much information about boys comes from the media- often shows ...
Definition
1. greater stereotyped relationship behavior
Term
1. Average heterosexual relationship lasts _______
Definition
four months
Term
Men mention______when describing their girlfriends
Definition
physical attractiveness
Term
Women mention what they get from the relationship such as
Definition
support, intimacy ect.
Term
Much variation in how having a boyfriend affects how she does in school performance and _________
Definition
self image
Term
Lesbian report average age of ____ when they become aware of attraction to females
Definition
11
Term
Lesbian report average age of ____ when they become aware of attraction to females
Definition
11
Term
____ percent of lesbians have heard anti-gay remarks in school
Definition
99
Term
Most young lesbians tend to ______ negative remarks
Definition
overcome
Term
_____ percent are glad to be lesbian or bisexual
Definition
94
Term
white-as-normative examples
Definition
women who are white have advantages over black women. They are late and no one says she is late because she is white.
Term
what is a new term suggested to refer to Latinas/Latinos of either gender
Definition
Latin@s
Term
Ethnic population majority in the United States is ...
Definition
Mexicans comprising of about 60 percent of the latin@s population
Term
how many ethnic groups comprise Asian-Americans
Definition
31 IMPORTANT: REFER TO THE LAST PARAGRAPH OF PAGE 16. THIS QUESTION IS UNCLEAR. MAKE SURE TO READ THAT PARAGRAPH TO BE SURE.
Term
how many different tribal languages spoken by Native Americans
Definition
250
Term
Why black and not african american?
Definition
Black is all inclusive. African American may make some feel less tied to their island roots...
Term
WHAT ARE SOME EXPLICIT STEREOTYPES?
Definition
that is when you are asked directly about a sterotype about women (are women are bad at math?) and you give a socially desirable response... (no)
Term
The term hispanic is not preferred because it mainly refers to those with a _______
Definition
spanish heritage
Term
HEalthiest way for a biracial person to identify
Definition
the healthiest way for a biracial person to identify is not with any particular race but as biracial...
Term
What is double jeporady?
Definition
When a person is confronted with,both, racism and sexism
Term
Triple Jepoardy is to be
Definition
A biracial woman
Term
How do we respond to infant boys and girls?
Definition
We talk more to little girls than we do to little boys ect.
Term
Look up and read the gender things... they seem like common sense to me so I didnt bother to put them in here. The next card contains the things that I didnt put n here
Definition
How do we respond to infant boys and girls
- How do kids acquire knowledge about gender – 2 approaches
- How to various sources shape our gender schemas
- What do kids know about gender and when do they know it
- What is gender socialization, what message does tendency for kids’ books to focus on non-stereotypical girls but not non-stereotypical boys give
- What is adolescence, what challenges does it pose
- Biological changes in adolescence
- Self-concept during adolescence
- Differences in education and career attitudes and opportunities for boys and girls
- Characteristics of various relationships in adolescence
- What is the main source of pressure for women to be thin, how do feminists disagree with most psychologists about the cause of eating disorders, what is the relationship between beauty ideals and waves of progress in the feminist movement
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