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Psychology of Personality Exam 2
review for exam 2
66
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
04/03/2011

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Term
Hans Eysenck's Three Dimensions of Personality (name the "supertraits"/dimensions)
Definition
extraversion
neuroticism
psychoticism
Term
Eysenck's Hierarchical Model of Personality
Definition
Level 1: specific responses
Level 2: habitual responses
Level 3: trait
Level 4: supertrait
Term
BIS
Definition
behavioral inhibition system (stop!)
guards against threats
Once activated, makes you vigilant, fearful, anxious
Associated with right frontal cortex activity
Associated with the amygdala
Associated with Neuroticism
Term
BAS
Definition
behavioral approach system (activation system) (GO!)


Associated with impulsivity, promise of positive affect
Associated with left frontal cortex activity
Associated with dopamine (“reward” neurotransmitter)
Associated with Extraversion
Term
MBTI
Definition
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, Carl Jung
measure preferences, "your preferred way"
attitudes (External, internal)
taking in info (sensing, intuiting)
making decisions (thinking, feeling)
experience world (judging, perceiving)
Term
Primary Narcissism
Definition
children, generally egocentric/narcissistic, normal developmental pattern, younger aged
Term
Secondary Narcissism
Definition
in adults, cause by problematic primary caretaker relationships, "defensive grandeur"
Term
Overt vs Covert Narcissism
Definition
Overt: exhibitionism, self-importance, attention and admiration seeking

Covert: anxious, inhibited, outwardly self-effacing, inwardly (~ unconsciously) grand
Term
NPD
Definition
Narcissistic Personality Disorder: a lasting pattern of behavior and inner experience that markedly differs from a person’s culture. inappropriate emotions or thoughts, behaviors inherent in person's psych. makeup
Term
fundamental attribution error
Definition
Mischel says trait psychology commits this error

attributes behavior to something inside the person, but self's behavior to situation
Term
interactionism
Definition
behavior is a function of the person and traits in interaction with the environment

sublets: mechanical, reciprocal interactionnism, traits as conditional statements
Term
nomothetic/normative
Definition
nomothetic or normative = how you stand in comparison with others
Term
Ipsative
Definition
how you stand in comparison with your own (past) scores
Term
idiothetic
Definition
what you might otherwise be
your "ideal" self
Term
Temperament
Definition
stylistic quality of psych. consistent pattern in how actions are performed (frequency, duration, intensity, threshold), foundation of individuality in later adult personality

appears to be biological in origin
some argue genetic.
moderate stability over time
modifiable through experience
Term
genotype
Definition
all your genes (your DNA)
Term
phenotype
Definition
genotype+environment. who you are = genes and (Shared and unique) environment
Term
heritability
Definition
how much genes contribute to individual differences in particular trait in particular population, more appropriate to GROUPS
Term
Why are are adoption studies with identical twins important?
Definition
(1)same genes, different environments
(2) any difference in outcome is due to the effects of environment
Term
Twin Studies
Definition
(1)same genes, different environments
(2) any difference in outcome is due to the effects of environment

same environments, differences are due to effect of genes
Term
Which traits are heritability estimates generally the highest for (name two of the five OCEAN traits)?
Definition
Extraversion and Neuroticism
Term
SLIDE 22
Definition
heritability of traits doesn’t tell the whole story about personality
knowing that genes influence personality and behavior doesn’t mean we can’t change or intervene
van den Boom’s intervention study
knowing that genes influence personality and behavior removes parental blame
possibility for gene-based treatment and intervention
many social, political and moral implications to behavioral genetics
Term
Optimism
Definition
The person is motivated to be good, rational, and strive for happiness/ fulfillment

Rogers and Maslow
Term
Pessimism
Definition
The person is motivated to be “bad,” often irrational

Freud
Term
Diversity
Definition
people are driven by a variety of motives that derive from a variety of sources


people are driven by a variety of motives that derive from a variety of sources

social motives
Term
Freud's Romantic Period
Definition
individual vs. society

importance of inner self

irrational (sensual, emotional, “natural”) aspect of human nature
Term
Freud's Victorian Period
Definition
science and technology
emphasis on moral order

social reform
Term
Freud's First and Second Tenets/Principles
Definition
1&2 - Determinism and Drives
behavior is determined by drives (life insticts-libido, eros and death instincts-aggression, thanatos
cathexis: to invest energy (drives) in, object choice = "having"
Term
Freud's Third Tenet/Principle
Definition
Conflict - experienced as anxiety
three types of anxiety
-realistic
-neurotic
-moral (superego)
anxiety is often adaptive!
Term
Freud's Fourth Tenet/Principle
Definition
Unconscious - topographical model, iceberg with id underwater, ego above and below and superego mostly above
Term
Id
Definition
(all unconscious)
pleasure principle (motive)
primary processes
reflex motor actions
wish fulfillment
Term
Ego
Definition
(parts unconscious)
reality principle
secondary processes
realistic/logical thought
although can engage in fantasy/imagination
and does distort reality
defense mechanisms
Term
Superego
Definition
(part unconscious)
conscience (what not to do)
ego-ideal (what you should strive for)
Term
developmental progression of Freud's structural theory
Definition
The Id - pleasure principle
biological evolution
present @ birth
The Ego - reality principle
cognitive development
develops during infancy
The Superego
socialization (parents, culture)
comes with resolution of the Oedipal crisis (3 - 6 years)
Term
Freud's Developmental Stages
Definition
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital
Term
Oedipal/Electra Conflict
Definition
object choice (“having”) is unconscious
for boys = mother
for girls = mother (and includes identification)
disappointment (no penis/penis envy) >> father
object choice blocked:
boys: castration anxiety
girls [for Freud, theoretically incomplete]: fear of loss of mother’s love; girls’ resolution/identification less certain
identification (“being like’): if you can’t beat ‘em, join ‘em Remember, with identification comes: • superego • sexual orientation
Term
Latency
Definition
Freud claimed little sexual activity during latency (pre-puberty), but was wrong


Attraction: 9-10
Sexual desire: 11-12
First sexual behavior: 13 M, 15 F
Term
Genital Stage and bisexuality/homosexuality
Definition
According to Freud, bisexual, homosexual unions represent incomplete resolution of Oedipal conflict, incomplete identification
Term
Object-relations theorists
Definition
emphasize the ultimate goals of drives, the object
Term
Ego psychologists
Definition
emphasize the strength, drive, and wisdom of the ego
Term
Feminists
Definition
interpret behaviors differently
Term
object relations theorists
Definition
Freud over-emphasized drive satisfaction, underemphasized the “object” of drives
object = mental representation of a person toward whom a drive is directed
People are “object seekers”
Object relationships are important
Developmental course: from taking (self directed) to giving (other directed)
Term
Mahler
Definition
From autistic, omnipotent and undifferentiated at birth (no boundaries)
I am the world
to differentiation and individuality by age 2 (clear boundaries)
I am one person (object) who relates to others (other objects)
Term
Winnicott
Definition
Development = a process of moving from illusion to disillusion (reality)
Transitional object = “a neutral area of experience which will not be challenged”
Term
Winnicott's Rules to Transitional Objects
Definition
It belongs to the child and the child only
It’s cuddled and loved, yet sometimes abused
It must never change, unless by the infant.
From the point of view of the infant, it has no clear origins
Its fate is to be decathected, de-energized, not forgotten, but “relegated to limbo”
Winnicott claimed we never completely give up our illusions: play, art, religion
Term
Chodrow's Interpretation of the Oedipal Complex, how boys and girls achieve masculinity/femininity
Definition
A child’s first attachment to the mother, or another woman caretaker...
For a boy to achieve a masculine identity, he must define masculinity in negative terms, as that which is not feminine
involves denying an attachment relationship
involves repressing/devaluing femininity
identification (relationship) with father is not always affectively satisfying
SEPARATION (autonomy)
Term
Freudian Theory
Definition
call the "talking" cure
Free association is aimed at discovering unconscious processes
A patient’s reluctance or refusal to accept the analyst’s interpretation is called resistance
Term
Transference (Freudian theory)
Definition
patient treats the therapist as if the therapist were a significant figure (e.g., a parent) from his/her personal life
Term
Countertransference
Definition
patient brings out memories and feelings involving the therapist’s own life
Term
Pathological symptoms without organic cause
Argued to occur mostly in women
Originally argued to have origins in early sexual experiences
Definition
Hysteria
Term
The Seduction Hypothesis
Definition
Freud’s initial claim that his patients had, in fact, been sexually seduced (abused)
And this trauma led to the presenting (hysterical) symptoms
For a variety of reasons, he abandoned the seduction hypothesis
Claimed the stories reflected fantasies, repressed desires
Freud had read the contemporary literature documenting the high incidence of sexual abuse of children.
he had in all likelihood witnessed autopsies of children who had been raped and murdered.
Term
Mason argued about freud's abandonment of seduction hypothesis
Definition
Masson argued that Freud’s abandonment of the seduction theory was a failure of courage rather than a clinical or theoretical insight.
Term
societal consequences of seduction hypothesis
Definition
Therapists were hesitant to believe clients who had been sexually abused.
Parents disbelieved their children who reported incidents of molestation.
Rape victims were assumed to be fantasizing the assaults against them.
Term
Repression
Definition
selective forgetting of painful memories
not conscious or voluntary
material stored in unconscious
Unconscious repressed material can influence behavior

Unconscious repressed material can become conscious if anxiety is removed
Term
Perceptual defense
Definition
unconscious acts as censor of perception
Term
Repressors
Definition
low conscious anxiety, high concern with social desirability
Term
Are repressors primarily rational or emotional in their coping styles?
Definition
RATIONAL; they use strategies to avoid awareness of feelings and impulses that are incompatible with one’s self-image (ego)
Term
Repressors and memory
Definition
Recall fewer positive and negative self memories
Recall more?) memories involving emotional experiences of others than of themselves
(both davis)

Are more physiologically aroused when recalling emotional memories of the self
Have simple memories
Utilize “overly-general” recall (defensive exclusion)
Term
is repression bad for you?
Definition
Who had heart attacks had fewer PTSD symptoms than did controls 7 months later

Had least severe grief course following death of spouse
Term
Bonanno's Notion of Resilience
Definition
pathways to resilience?
Hardiness; Self-enhancement; Positive emotions; Repressive coping
Term
Repressors score well/poorly on...
Definition
measure of Emotional intelligence
Self-esteem
Life satisfaction
Health coping style


Rumination
Unhealthy coping styles
Term
Ego responses to to repressors
Definition
Conscious: social support
Conscious:cognitive coping strategies
Unconscious/involuntary

all defense mechanisms
Term
how many defenses are there?
Definition
repression as a process underlies all defense mechanisms
repression also appears as a singular defense
A degree of overlap in how defenses are conceptualized, defined
Some argue: more mature defense mechanisms are
cognitive coping strategies
conscious
Term
Way of altering conscious representation of a conflict
Definition
no defense - i hate my father!
psychotic defense - born without a father
Immature - Projection
Passive aggression
Acting out (Regression)
Fantasy
intermediate - Dissociation
Displacement
Isolation (intellectualization)
Repression (somatization)
Mature defenses-
Suppression
Sublimation
Altruism
Humor
Term
Coping
response to threat
decrease negative
affect
solve problem
conscious
intentional
Definition
Coping Defense
response to threat response to threat
decrease negative decrease negative
affect affect
solve problem don’t recognize problem
conscious unconscious
intentional unintentional
Term
slide 62?
Definition
To be adaptive, a defense should:
Spread out or remove affect?
Channel or block feelings?
Be oriented to short or long term?
Attract or repel people?
Be as specific or general as possible?
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