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Psychology of Music-Unit One
Sound Process
109
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
02/07/2010

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Term
acoustic reflex
Definition
stiffening of the ossicles to prevent loud sounds from getting to the inner ear and boost amplitude of the middle frequencies
Term
acoustics
Definition
the physics of sound
Term
action potential
Definition
a change reaction in the neuron's membrane that moves the nerve impulse along the neuron
Term
afferent pathway
Definition
signals traveling from the sense organs to the brain
Term
all-or-nothing law
Definition
when a certain level of strength of a stimulus must be present before it will cause the nerve to fire- like pulling the trigger of a gun
Term
amplitude
Definition
the physical displacement of the sound wave; the bigness of the wave perceived as loudness
Term
amygdala
Definition
a mid-brain structure that is the processing center for laying down memories and habits as they travel to the cortex that processes sound input to the brain
Term
absorption
Definition
when the sound wave hits a porous surface the energy is stopped
Term
auditory cortex
Definition
the portion of the cortex that processes sound input to the brain
Term
auditory nerve bundle
Definition
large group of neurons traveling from the inner ear to the brain
Term
autonomic nervous function
Definition
the involuntary nervous system that regulates vegetative functions like respiration, heart rate, body temperature regulation, etc.
Term
axon
Definition
the part of the neuron that brings nerve impulse toward the cell body
Term
basilar membrane
Definition
a thick membrane resting on the bottom of the cochlear duct and supporting the organ of Corti
Term
beat or pulse
Definition
basic unit of duration dividing duration into equal segments
Term
beating phenomenon
Definition
occurs when two sound sources of slightly different frequencies are sounded together causing a fluctuation in perceived loudness occurs because of the alteration in constructive and destructive interference
Term
brain stem
Definition
in the lower brain, it is an enlargement at the top of the spinal cord
Term
cell body
Definition
main portion of the neuron that contains the nucleus
Term
cerebellum
Definition
structure in the lower brain that coordinates motor movement
Term
cerebral cortex
Definition
the outer covering of the cerebellum; gray matter
Term
cerebrum
Definition
upper portion of the brain, which is divided into lobes and hemispheres
Term
cochlea
Definition
snail-shaped structure in the inner ear; the organ of hearing, which functions as the transducer of mechanical energy into the electro-chemical energy of neuron transmission
Term
cochlear duct
Definition
inner tube of the cochlea that runs through the center of the cochlea
Term
compression
Definition
in sound propagation, the bunching together of air molecules
Term
conductivity
Definition
when the changes in the cell are propagated quickly to neighboring areas
Term
contour
Definition
melodic pattern of up and down movement separate from the perception of interval relationships, the shape of the melody
Term
contralateral pathway
Definition
the pathway of the auditory nerve that crosses at the mid-brain; strongest pathway from each ear
Term
corpus collosum
Definition
the "big body;" the large band of neurons that connects the two hemispheres of the cortex
Term
cortex
Definition
see cerebral cortex
Term
cycle
Definition
one complete movement of the sound wave from point of rest to point of rest
Term
dendrites
Definition
multiple, short nerve fibers extending from the cell body of the neuron
Term
diffraction
Definition
the bending of sound wave around objects and the filling in behind the object
Term
duration
Definition
how long a note is sounded in real time
Term
ear canal (meatus)
Definition
tube that focuses sound waves into the ear and acts as a closed pipe
Term
echo
Definition
a delayed reflection that sounds like a new incident wave
Term
efferent pathway
Definition
neural pathway that sends messages from the cortex back to the sense organs
Term
elasticity
Definition
the natural tendency of a displaced body to return to the point of rest
Term
eustachian tube
Definition
connects the middle ear to the oral cavity to equalize the air pressure in the middle ear
Term
frequency
Definition
the number of cycles of the wave occuring in one second, measured in Hertz (Hz)
Term
harmony
Definition
relationship of simultaneously sounding pitches, vertical pitch structure
Term
hearing
Definition
the process by which sound is transmitted from the environment to our brain
Term
Hertz (Hz)
Definition
the measurement system used to measure frequency or cycles per second
Term
hippocampus
Definition
a mid-brain structure, which is responsible for fear states, startle reactions, and general arousal; part of the limbic system
Term
hypothalamus
Definition
part of the mid-brain and limbic system involved in regulating the autonomic nervous system functions, homeostasis of the body, endocrine system regulation, and mediation of survival behavior; part of pain/pleasure responses and depression
Term
initial transit
Definition
the point of sound displacement or putting energy into the system in the sound envelop
Term
inner ear
Definition
the third portion of the ear located deep in the head; divided into three parts: the vestibule, semi- circular canals and the cochlea
Term
interference
Definition
occurs when waves from two different sources exist simultaneously in the same medium, resulting in the displacement that is the sum of the displacements produced by the individual waves. Causes change in loudness perception
Term
interval
Definition
relationship between various pitches in a scale or melody
Term
ipsilateral pathway
Definition
the pathway of the auditory nerve that does not cross on its way to the brain; the weakest pathway from each ear
Term
irritability
Definition
when a stimulus causes transient changes in cell properties
Term
limbic system
Definition
loose organization of mid-brain structures that generate and regulate emotional response and behavior
Term
longitudinal wave
Definition
propagated in air in the same direction as the vibrating source; found in compressible medium like springs and air columns
Term
loudness
Definition
the perception of amplitude
Term
melody
Definition
movement of tones over time with particular relationships that create shape in space
Term
meter
Definition
groups of beats
Term
mid-brain
Definition
the second portion of the brain that regulates emotion, motivation, and instinct; includes the limbic system
Term
middle ear
Definition
a bony chamber filled with air containing three small bones
Term
momentum
Definition
the tendency of the displaced body to continue past the point of rest
Term
music
Definition
the organization of sound and silence for the purpose of human expression- (C. Hughes, 1948) and an acoustic event event involving specific combinations of sounds moving over time (Radocy & Boyle, 1997)
Term
musical form
Definition
overall design of the music, how the composition progresses
Term
myelin sheath
Definition
the outer covering of the neuron
Term
neuron
Definition
the specialized cell of the nervous system
Term
neurotransmitters 
Definition
brain chemicals that irritate neurons and begin a nerve impulse
Term
noise
Definition
sound that is aperiodic and has inharmonic overtones
Term
organ of corti
Definition
in the inner ear, the organ of hearing composed of 30,000 audiocilia or hair cells
Term
ossicles
Definition
three small bones of the middle ear; the hammer, the anvil, and stirrup
Term
oval window
Definition
stretched membrane serving as the barrier into the inner ear
Term
parasympathetic nervous system
Definition
the nervous system that allows for inhibition of excitement and promotes calm, sleep, rest, and healing and also regulates behavior and emotions
Term
period
Definition
the amount of time in seconds required for one cycle of the vibration to occur
Term
periodic motion
Definition
ability of motion to repeat indefinitely
Term
pinna
Definition
the outer folds of the ear located on either side of the head
Term
pitch
Definition
the perception of frequency
Term
place theory of pitch perception
Definition
the theory of how pitch perception is coded based on specific frequencies displacing the basilar membrane at a greater amplitude in response to a specific frequency because of resonance
Term
post-synaptic terminal
Definition
small pouch at the head of a dendrite, which is irritated by the neurotransmitters released by the pre-synaptic terminals
Term
pre-synaptic terminal
Definition
the small pouch at the end of an axon containing neurotransmitters
Term
propogatin
Definition
movement of sound through a medium
Term
psychology of music
Definition
the study of human musical behavior, including how we process sound, respond to music, and what is done with music
Term
rarefraction
Definition
in sound propagation, the pulling apart of air molecules creating a temporary vacuum
Term
reflection
Definition
when a sound wave hits a hard surface, it bounces back
Term
refraction
Definition
when a wave travels though a medium whose density changes slowly with distance causing the sound wave to bend and move in another direction
Term
resonance
Definition
whenever a system that can vibrate with a certain frequency is acted on from outside by a periodic disturbance that has the same frequency, vibrations of large amplitude can be produced in the system
Term
resonance frequency
Definition
the frequency of the system at which it will vibrate the most easily
Term
reticular activating formation
Definition
area in the lower brain that functions to coordinate sensory input and motor tone and to alert the cortex to incoming information
Term
reverberant sound
Definition
when sound reflections become smaller and smaller and closer together until they merge into a diffuse sound mixture
Term
reverberation time (T)
Definition
the time required for the original sound to decay to the point of zero with no additional sound energy added
Term
rhythm
Definition
the ordered characteristic of tonal succession
Term
rhythmic pattern
Definition
combinations of various durations
Term
semi-circular canals
Definition
three loops in the inner ear filled with fluid and positioned on a different dimensional plane
Term
sine-wave
Definition
a graph of the simplest and least complex kind of vibration that exists in time and space
Term
simple harmonic motion
Definition
in sound wave when the force of restoration is equal to the force of displacement; vibrates in equal distance on both sides of the point of rest
Term
sodium pump
Definition
flow of sodium through the myelin sheath causing a change in electrical charge of the sheath from positive to negative
Term
sympathetic nervous system 
Definition
nervous system that activates response
Term
synapse
Definition
the gap between the pre-synaptic terminal of the axon and the post-synaptic terminal of the dendrite
Term
sound
Definition
a physical vibration perceived by someone or something. The term, sound, is a term of human perception
Term
sound envelop
Definition
graph of the decay curve of the sound
Term
sound decay
Definition
decrease over time in amplitude of the vibration because of friction
Term
spatial orientation
Definition
our sense of body position in space
Term
standing wave
Definition
produced in a stretched string by the regular and repeated displacement of the stretched string, causing the waves to appear motionless
Term
steady state
Definition
the portion of the sound envelop where amplitude is constant
Term
tempo
Definition
the speed at which the beat occurs
Term
thalamus
Definition
a mid-brain structure that is part of the limbic system functioning to receive information from the senses and relay that information into difference areas of the cortex
Term
timbre
Definition
quality of sound that distinguishes one tone from another even if they have the same pitch and loudness
Term
tonality
Definition
the anchor point, the reference point for the harmony
Term
transduction
Definition
altering the form of energy
Term
transverse wave
Definition
sound waves that move away from the displaced string at right angles to it in all three dimensions as a series of compressions and rarefactions through the air
Term
tympanic membrane (ear drum)
Definition
stretched membrane that is the barrier between the outer and middle ears
Term
vestibular sense
Definition
our sense of balance, equilibrium, and orientation to gravity
Term
vibration
Definition
any to- and fro- movement, an oscillation
Term
waveform
Definition
how sound waves travel away from the source based on musical instrument construction
Term
wavelength
Definition
the distance from any point in a wave to the corresponding point in the next wave
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