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Psychology of Human Behavior
TTC
78
Psychology
Not Applicable
02/28/2007

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Term
Anal stage
Definition
In psychoanalytic theory, the developmental state in which psycho sexual energy is focused on the anus and anal activities, such as toilet training.
Term
Alzheimer's disease
Definition
A cognitive disorder usually associated with older adults, characterized by progressive deterioration of cognitive functions, particularly memory.
Term
Antipsychotic drugs
Definition
A category of psychopharmacological intervention used to alleviate the symptoms of psychosis: this classification includes both traditional drugs that preat positive symptoms and atypical drgs that treat negative symptoms and have fewer undesirable side effects.
Term
Anxiety disorders
Definition
The classification of mental disorders,formerly called neuroses, in which the major symptom is apprehension of possible danger.
Term
Autism
Definition
a mental disorder that begins in childhood and is characterized by a disconnect from the social world, problems with social skills and speech, and self-stimulations.
Term
Avoidance Learning
Definition
A type of learning in which a stimulus that is paired with ran aversive event signals the organism, which can then behave in a way to avoid the aversive event.
Term
Behavior Therapies
Definition
A classification of Therapies based on the assumption that inappropriate classical or operant condition has taken place, in which the goal of therapy is to set up the conditions for appropriate re-learning to occur.
Term
Behavorism
Definition
A school of thought in psychology having its mayor influence from the early 1900s through about 1970, in which the mind was ignored and only behavior was considered the appropriate subject matter.
Term
Biofeedback
Definition
A behavior therapy in which operant conditioning is used to condition a biological response normally considered to be involuntary.
Term
Bipolar Depression
Definition
A classification of metal disorder characterized by mood swings between depression and mania.
Term
Cannon-Bard Theory:
Definition
A theory of emotions prosing that a stimulus causes a change in activation of the thalamus in the brain that then simultaneously sends messages to the cortex, interpreted as emotions, and to the physiologically systems.
Term
Classical Conditioning
Definition
A type of basic learning discovered by Ivan Pavlov; an unconditioned stimulus,which automatically brings about and unconditioned response, is repeatedly paired with a conditioned stimuli until the conditioned stimulus comes to evoke a conditioned response.
Term
Cognitive disorder
Definition
A classification of mental disorders that results form brain impairments leading to disturbances of consciousness or deficits in cognition or memory.
Term
Cognitive-labeling theory
Definition
A theory of emotions proposed by Stanley Schachter, proposing that a stimulus caused generalized physiological activation, which then, depending on the context, is labeled as a particular emotion.
Term
Cognitive psychology
Definition
A school of thought in psychology having its major influence beginning in the late 1960s through today, in which it is considered appropriate to use various methods to determine the flow of information and processing stages int he brain.
Term
Cognitive therapy
Definition
A classification of therapies based on the goal of helping clients understand their thoughts and feeling so that they can reprogram these to achieve greater happiness and success.
Term
concept formation
Definition
A type of learning in which the individual must learn the defining dimension of a concept by experiencing instances that confirm of disconfirm that concept.
Term
Confounding variable
Definition
In an experiment, a circumstance with level that are correlated with the leve of the independent variable, such that any change in the dependent variable could be due either to chages in the independent variable or changes in the confounding variable.
Term
Consolidation theroy
Definition
A theory of forgetting that proposed that time is required for memory traces to consolidate, that is, to become permanent enough that they cannot be interfered with by other salient events.
Term
Control variable
Definition
In an experiment, a circumstance set by the experiment at a particular level and not allowed to vary.
Term
Decay theory
Definition
A theory of memory that attributes memory loss to the fading of a memory trace as a result of the passage of time.
Term
Depressant
Definition
A psychoactive drug that has a calming effect on the user.
Term
Developmental psychology
Definition
The brand of psychology concerned with studying behavior across the lifespan.
Term
Differential parental investment
Definition
In evolutionary theory, the concept that women have a much higher investment in there offspring, because of gestation, lactation,and so on, than men do.
Term
Dissociative disorder
Definition
A classification of metal disorded in which some parts of the self become separated for the other parts.
Term
Ego
Definition
In psychoanalytic theory, the part of the personality that operates on a reality principle and tries to determine what an individual should realistically do while still trying to satisfy the id and the superego
Term
Electroconvulsive shock treatment
Definition
A physcial therapy, sometimes called ECT, in which electrical current is passed through the brain: usually used to treat symptoms of depression.
Term
Engineering psychology
Definition
A branch of psychology that is concerned with specifying the characteristics and limitations of the human operator in a human-machine-environment system.
Term
Ergonomics
Definition
An interdisciplinary field, also sometime called human factors, concerned with the design of human-machine-environment systems.
Term
Evolutionary theroy
Definition
A scientifically theory first proposed by Charles Darin in the 1800s that use the ideal of survival of the fittest to explain the wide diversity of plants and animals in the world.
Term
Experiment
Definition
A scientific method in which and independent variable is manipulated and a dependent variable is measured while other possible variable are accounted for such that it is possible to infer causality.
Term
Gestalt school
Definition
A German school of perceptual thought that proposed that we have certain built-in principles, such as proximity, similarity, closure, and good figure, by which we organized pairs of the perceptual events into wholes.
Term
Genital stage
Definition
In psychoanalytic theory, the final developmental state, in which a truly intimate, sharing and caring relationship can develop.
Term
Hamilton's rule
Definition
A formula in evolutionary theory, c < r x b, that attempts to explain altruism: according to the formula, we should act if the cost to us (c) is less than our relatedness to the person we are helping (r) times the benefit (b) to the person we are helping.
Term
Homeostatic model
Definition
A biologically based theory of motivation in which the organism has a need that lead to a drive; the drive, in turn leads to behavior that returns the organism to a optimal state.
Term
Humanistic therapies
Definition
A classification of therapies, such as non-directive and existential, in which the goal is to improve the client's understanding of thougths and feelings so that the client can achieve his or her full potential.
Term
Id
Definition
In psychoanalytic theory, the part of the personality that operates on a pleasure principle: if unchecked by the superego or ego, the id would drive us to take whatever we wanted,whenever we wanted it.
Term
Illusory memories
Definition
Under certain conditions, people will recall events that did actually occur: this indicates that memory is a constructive process, in which memory cures are used in an attempt to reconstruct the original memory.
Term
Inclusive fitness
Definition
A concept in evolutionary theory proposing that organisms behave in ways that improve the chances that all kin, not just children will survive and reproduce.
Term
Independent variable
Definition
In an experiment, the circumstance chosen by the experimenter to manipulate in order to determined its effects on the dependent variable.
Term
Interference theory
Definition
A theory of memory that attributes memory loss to interfering material that occurs either before or after the event to be remembered.
Term
Introspection
Definition
A technique in early experimental psychology in which trained observers attempted to analyze the contents of their own minds by reflecting on their thoughts and perceptions.
Term
James-Lange theory
Definition
A theory of emotions proposing that a stimulus cause both a behavioral and a physiological reaction, and it is the latter that leads to an emotional feeling.
Term
Mental retardation
Definition
A classification of mental disorder characterized by significantly subaverage intelligence and limitation on functioning.
Term
Mnmeonics
Definition
Aids used to impove memory
Term
Mood disorders
Definition
The classification of mental disorder in which there is an uncontrollable, undesirable change in the emotions, such as unipolar of bipolar depression.
Term
Narcotic
Definition
A psychoactive drug usually derived form the opium plant that gives the user a rush and is highly physiologically addictive.
Term
Non-directive therapy
Definition
A type of humanistic therapy (also sometimes called client-centered), in which the therapist tries to act as a mirror to reflect the clients' thoughts and feelings so that clients gain the ability to solve their own problems.
Term
Oedipus conflict
Definition
In psychoanalytic theory, the conflict that develops during phallic state when little boys unconsciously want to sexually possess their mothers but find their fathers in the way.
Term
Operant conditioning
Definition
A type of simple learning, also some called instrumental conditions, in which a response is more likely to recur if followed by a reinforcement.
Term
Oral stage
Definition
In psychoanalytic theory, the first developmental state and the stage in which psychos sexual energy is focused on the mouth.
Term
Perceptual constancies
Definition
A school of perception proposing that early in life, we learn that certain properties of objects are invariant, such as size, shape,brightness, and color.
Term
Perceptual illusions
Definition
Situations in which our internal perceptual model of the external work is not in correspondence with reality, causing us to make mistakes in what we perceive.
Term
Phallic stage
Definition
In psychoanalytical theory, the developmental state especially important for little boys, in which psychosexual energy is focused on the penis and aggressive competition begins.
Term
Phobia
Definition
A classification of mental disordres in which there is an undue fear of objects or situations.
Term
Population stereotypes
Definition
The expectations that users of human-machines-environment systems have about the effect of there actions.
Term
Prefrontal lobotomy
Definition
A surgical technique in which the connections between the prefrontal cortex an the res of the brain are severed; this technique was used for several decades in the middle of the 20th century to alleviate the symptoms of long-temr schizophrenic patients.
Term
Probability learning
Definition
A type of learning in which the individual learns the underlying probabilistic structure of the environment.
Term
Psychoanalysis
Definition
A psychotherapy developed primarily by Sigmund Freud, base on psychoanalytic theory, in which the goal is an analysis of the unconscious.
Term
Psychoanalytic Theory
Definition
A theory of personality proposed by Sigmund Freud in the early 1900s, in which the unconscious plays a major rol in determining behaviors and the parts of the personality, the id, superego, and ego, are in constant conflict.
Term
Psychosis
Definition
Mental disorders that are characterized by a break with reality.
Term
Qualitative design
Definition
A research design, such as ethnography, in which patterns of behavior can be studied, but these observations are not amiable to qualitative analysis.
Term
Random Variable
Definition
In an experiment, a circumstance allowed to vary in a random way such that it si uncorrelated with the levels of the independent variable.
Term
Schizophrenia
Definition
A classification of metal disorders in which there is a psychotic break with reality and often delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech and behaviors.
Term
Self-actualization
Definition
A goal proposed by Abraham Maslow in his Hierarchy of Needs model of motivation, in which people can fulfill their full potential.
Term
Sexual disorders
Definition
a classification of metal disorders in which there is either and inability to perform sexually as desired or sexual behavior characterized by and undue sexual attraction to abnormal sexual stimuli.
Term
Social psychology
Definition
A branch of psychology concerned with social thinking, social influence, and social relations.
Term
Somatoform disorder
Definition
A classification of mental disorders in which there are complaints about bodily symptoms or defects.
Term
Stimulant
Definition
a psychoactive drug that produces feeling of heightened awareness and alertness.
Term
Stimulus discrimination
Definition
In classical conditioning, when stimulus generalization has occurred, if similar stimuli continue to be presented, but only the conditioned stimulus is pared with the unconditioned stimulus, the response to the similar stimuli will die out.
Term
Stimulus generalization
Definition
In classical conditioning, after acquisition takes place and the conditioned stimulus reliably evokes the conditioned response, other similar stimuli also are found to evoke some lesser level of response.
Term
Superego
Definition
In psychoanalytic theory, the part of the personality that operates on a moral principle much like our conscience and give us guilt when we do not follow its rules.
Term
Systematic desensitization
Definition
A behavior theory in which clients par up progressively more anxiety-producing situations with relation in order to learn new, more appropriate responses to these situations.
Term
Token ecomony
Definition
In behavior therapies based on operant conditioning, when a symbolic reinforcer is used, such as a poker chip, that can be traded for a primary reinforcer, such as food.
Term
Tourette's syndrome
Definition
A mental disorded characterized by a continuous repeated build-up of tension that sometimes leads to uncontrollable vocal and motor outburst.
Term
Transmitter substance
Definition
A chemical released into the synapse between neurons that makes the postsymapic neuron more or less likely to fire.
Term
Unconscious level
Definition
In psychoanalytic theory,the part of the personality below the level of awareness that plays a major role in determining how we behave.
Term
Unipolar depression
Definition
A classification of metal disorders characterized by either depressed mood or loss of interest in pleasurable activities.
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