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Psychology of Gender Lecture Exam1
Lecture material for exam1
84
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
09/02/2011

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Term
Difference between Sex and Gender
Definition
Sex: biological

Gender: psycho-social constructs, state of being male/female. masc/fem qualities
Term
Essentialist view
Definition
-evolutionary psych
-men/women are set way because of evolution
-ineqality = natural, resistant to change
Term
Biosocial view
Definition
-great flexibility in gender-linked differences (ex: way we stand)
-Associated with social construction (norms built by society)
-frequently supported by women
Term
Discourse
Definition
What we talk about; how we learn to think about males and females
Term
Tribal societies
Definition
-no organized government
-Access to resources -> hunters and gatherers
=If hunting is away from group, men go, because women need to nurse children
Term
Chiefdoms
Definition
-hierarchy
-male = dominant
-high inequality
Term
Minimalist view
Definition
-few differences between sexes biologically
-testosterone levels
Term
Maximalist view
Definition
large difference between sexes. polar opposites
Term
Psychoanalytic theory
Definition
-Freud, 1920s
-reinforced cultural belief about sex differences
-anatomical basis
-developmental stages, emphasis on childhood
ex: women = inferior
Term
Structuralist view
Definition
-ignored differences between me and women
-excluded women in studies
Term
Functionalist view
Definition
-focused on individual differences, reflected traditional sexist views of society (replaced by behaviorism)
Term
Helen Thompson Wooley
Definition
noted personal bias and prejudice in research
Term
Hollingworth
Definition
-Clearing house for mental defectives
--noticed more males under 16; women weren't sent to clearing houses, became prostitutes and domestics instead
-reviewed measurements of 20,000 infants and concluded that there wasn't a difference between men and women
Term
18th century Europe: Education debates
Definition
-how can we teach children, if we're not educated?
-Men concerned about sexual freedom (cheating)
-French revolution -> demand political rights and social justice
Term
Liberal feminists
Definition
-extend women's rights
-true equality
Term
Radical feminists
Definition
-focused on oppression
-need to revolutionize basic institutions
Term
Cultural feminists
Definition
Believe that women have a unique, valuable point of view
-world should be run by women
Term
National Council of Women Psychologists
Definition
-founded a division in APA
-Division 35; Psychological Society for women

1973
Term
The Men's Movement
Definition
-during women's suffrage movement, 1800s
-change gender roles + traditional masculinity
Term
Role strain
Definition
-sex roles defined by stereotypes
-lots of people violate sex roles, but men are punished more harshly
-negative psychological consequences
-people over-conform
Term
Define: Feminist Standpoint Epistemologies
Definition
-Scholars who claim that research should center on women + to advocate more radical transformation

-claim that women have a unique point of view and have been ignored
Term
Feminist empiricists
Definition
Scholars who advocate a more objective study of gender

-research must include both men and women to make comparisons
Term
Define: Meta-analysis
Definition
Allows researchers to evaluate results from several experimental studies to determine overall size of effects
Term
What are the 4 components of stereotyping?
Definition
1. Physical appearance
2. Traits
3. Behaviors
4. Occupations
Term
Function of stereotyping
Definition
-Form first impressions
-Categorizing groups
-Preserves status quo
Term
Prejudice
vs
Discimination
Definition
Prejudice: negative evaluation of entire group

Discrimination: Differential treatment of people in targeted group
Term
Stereotype Threat
Definition
-Fear of being negatively stereotyped
-influences women + ethnic minorities to perform more poorly, when they think their group does
-Act inferior
Term
Explicit attitudes
vs
Implicit attitudes
Definition
Explicit: Consciously aware
Implicit: Not consciously aware of bias
Term
Hostile sexism
Definition
Negative, demeaning
Term
Benevolent sexism
Definition
Positive feelings

"I'm just trying to help..."

Ex: chivalry
Term
Neosexism
Definition
Antagonism toward women's vocalization of prejudice

-competent women described as being unfeminine

not listening to women's point of view on sexism
Term
Masculine/Feminism scale
Definition
-Placed on same scale, so can be EITHER masc or fem

caucasion norms,not a lot of diversity

13 homosexual men....trying to figure out who homosexuals are
Term
How old when development of stereotypes starts?
Definition
3 years old

Starts with own sex, then generalizes

flexibility of stereotypes decreases over time
Term
Hypermasculinity
Definition
exaggerated masculinity

repress feminine characteristics

ex: motorcycle clubs: degrading to women
Term
Sexism towards men?
Definition
Unrealistic expectations for men -> need to be unemotional and successful
Term
Disabilities in men and women
Definition
Men: assume he lost in doing something brave, like war

Women: assumed to be asexual
Term
In what week do the tubercles differentiate?
Definition
12th week
Term
Endocrine glands
Definition
secrete hormones
Term
Intersexuality
Definition
1-4% of population
-sexual anatomy incompletely differentiated
Term
Pseudohermaphroditism
Definition
ambiguous genitalia
Term
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
Definition
AKA Adrenogenital syndrome (AGS)

-Female embryos with extra growth in adrenal glands cause masculinized genitalia. sexually ambiguous newborns, "fixed" with surgery
Term
Adrenogenital syndrome (AGS)
Definition
AKA Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)


-Female embryos with extra growth in adrenal glands cause masculinized genitalia. sexually ambiguous newborns, "fixed" with surgery
Term
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)
Definition
-affects chromosomal males (XY)
-have testes releasing normal amounts of androgens; however, no receptors
-develop female external genitalia
-no menstruation,no hormone treatment for male development
Term
5-alpha reductase deficiency
Definition
-identified as girls at birth, but may masculinize at puberty

-presudohermaphrodites
Term
Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome
Definition
XY - mullerian inhibitor

therefore, no uterus. no penis, look like girls

hermaphrodites
Term
Native American tribes: Mohave
Definition
-some boys with interest in women's clothing, other men, girls tasks

-had women that did male tasks

4 genders
Term
secondary characteristics
Definition
physical features that reflect sexual maturity, but are not involved directly in reproduction

ie: armpit hair
Term
Androgens (testosterone)
Definition
have greater impact than estrogen for anatomical differentiation

influence level of sexual activity, but lesser impact on behavior than on physiology
Term
gonadotropic hormone
Definition
released by anterior pituitary

growth hormone
Term
Where are androgens released in males? and females?
Definition
males: testes
females: adrenal cortex
Term
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Definition
-released by pituitary releases
-Prepares women to release egg
-used as an evaluation for stages of menopause
Term
Lutenizing Hormone (LH)
Definition
released by pituitary

released when estrogen peaks + ovulation occurs
Term
Essentialist view
Definition
some essence or underlying biological component (as opposed to socialization) makes men and women different

therefore, biological differences are invariant
Term
Minimalist vs Maximalist views
Definition
Minimalist: perceive few important differences between men and women

Maximalist: large differences between men and women are biological
Term
Structuralist
Definition
-structure of interest based on adult cognition

-WUNDT

-believed that psychology could not be applied to children or nonhuman animals

-inattentive to sex differences, study generalized adult mind
Term
liberal feminism
Definition
people that wanted to end discrimination based on sex and to extend to women the rights that men had
Term
radical feminists
Definition
believed that women have been oppressed by men and that this oppression has served as a model for racial and class oppression

entire social system requires major change to end oppression
Term
Cultural feminism
Definition
if women were in charge, many of the world's problems would disappear, because women's values of caring and relationships would eliminate them
Term
NOMAS
Definition
National Organization for Men Against Sexism

-profeminist, rid of sexism + racism
Term
NOMAS
Definition
National Organization for Men Against Sexism

-profeminist, rid of sexism + racism
Term
NOMAS
Definition
National Organization for Men Against Sexism

-profeminist, rid of sexism + racism
Term
androcentric bias
Definition
if men are the standard, then women will always appear to be deficient
Term
Empirical observation
Definition
-gathering information through evidence from the senses
-rejected information based on authority or the presumption of supernatural powers
Term
Objectivity
Definition
The notion that the observation is free of bias
Term
Quantification
Definition
turning observations into numbers
Term
Quantitative research
Definition
-research that uses statistical data and numerical data
Term
Qualitative research
Definition
focuses on understanding the complexity of the situation, rather than trying to reduce the situation to numerical data
Term
2 types of quantitative research
Definition
1. experimental
2. descriptive
Term
Experimental research
Definition
-allows for researchers to draw cause and effect relationship
Term
Descriptive research
Definition
-researchers answer "what" question

ex: surveys, correlational studies
Term
Experiments
Definition
-answer "Why" questions
-manipulate Independent variable
-measure dependent variable
Term
Ex post facto study
Definition
-researchers select people with brain damage of one area of brain + contrast them with participants with undamaged brains

-comparison of subjects
Term
subject variable
Definition
-characteristic of participant that allows researchers to form contrast groups in quasi-experimental studies
Term
Correlational study
Definition
-assesses the relationship between two variables
Term
operational definition
Definition
definition of variable ,provides instructions on how to measure two variables
Term
Case studies
Definition
-intensive study of a case (single person)
Term
Ethnography
Definition
-observation and recording of behavior and events
-researchers spend time becoming immersed in the situation that they are studying.
Term
Focus group
Definition
-discussion centered on a specific topic
Term
constructionists
Definition
-group of critics of science that think reality is constructed through perception and is subject to bias.

-"we do not discover reality, we invent it"

-therefore, science can never be objective
Term
statistically significant result
Definition
due to other than chance
Term
practical significance
Definition
result is relevant to everyday life
Term
The cult of true womanhood
Definition
1820-1860

piety, purity, submissiveness, and domesticity
Term
The cult of true womanhood: Male Sex Role Identity
Definition
No sissy stuff

men need success and status

men should have toughness, confidence, and self-reliance

men should have an aura of aggression, daring, and violence
Term
The cult of true womanhood: values for women
Definition
Piety: Women were naturally religious

Purity: True women were sexually uninterested

Submissiveness: true women were weak, dependent,and timid

Domesticity: true women's domain was in the home
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