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Psychology mid 3
CU-Boulder
90
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
10/22/2012

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

Behaviorism

Definition
theory of learning that focuses solely on observable Behavior (thinking, wishing, hoping)
Term
associate learning
Definition

learning that occurs when we make a connection occasion between 2 events (principles of humans and animals)

 

Term
classical conditioning
Definition
how doctors office reminds us of shots
Term
operant conditioning
Definition
performing in swimming is associated with awards
Term
classical conditioning 
Definition
learning process where the toilet flushes and its hot in the shower, then the toilet flushes again and you panic. 
Term
ivan Pavlov
Definition
classical conditioning
Term
unconditioned stimulus UCS
Definition
Stimulus that produces an automatic unconditioned response (Food for dog)
Term
UCR Unconditioned Response
Definition
unlearned reaction (dog food makes dog salivate)
Term
conditioned stimulus CS
Definition
neural stimulus that is paired with UCS (Bell is CS plus UCS(food) = UCR (food)
Term
conditioned response CR
Definition
learned response to just CS. Bell rung dog salivates but no food
Term
acquistion
Definition
initial step of establishing and strengthening response
Term
Extinction
Definition
gradual fading of the conditioned stimulus. (dog wont salivate when bell is rung and no food is given) 
Term
generalization
Definition

tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to CS

(police car lights)

Term
Discrimination 
Definition
ability to distinguish behavior a CS and another similar stimulus
Term
renewal
Definition
problem with drug addicts where they return to previous living conditions 
Term
aversive conditioning
Definition
form of treatment that consists of repeated pairings of a stimulus with an unpleasent stimulus (Alcohol and nausea) 
Term
CER conditioned emotional response
Definition
emotional behavior
Term
Habituation
Definition
decresed responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations
Term
Operant conditioning
Definition

behavior that is strengthened or weakened dependig on consequences that follow it

BF Skinmer

Term
Thorndike's law of effect 
Definition
behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened. 
Term
reinforcement
Definition
rewarding a stimulus will increase the probability that it will happen again 
Term
shaping
Definition
rewarding approximations of desired behavior; like rat if its on same half as bar, then withen 2 inches of bar, etc.)
Term
positive reinforcement
Definition
increase in frequency of behavior in response to something that is good
Term
negative reinforcement
Definition
increase in behavior in response to removal of somethig that is unpleasent
Term
avoidence learning
Definition
like getting a bad grade once and studying harder then the behavior sticks 
Term
learned helplessness
Definition
learned that they have no control over negative outcomes
Term
primary reinforcer
Definition
one that does not take any learning on the organism's part to make it pleasurable. (food,water,sex)
Term
secondary reinforcer
Definition
acquires positive value through an organisms experience (getting an A on test, or paycheck) 
Term
generalization  
Definition
performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation 
Term
discrimination
Definition
responding appropriatly to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced (university student discount in sign of window) 
Term
extinction
Definition
decrease in the frequency of behavior when he behavior is no longer enforced. (soda machine that eats your quarters all the time now)
Term
positive punishment 
Definition
presentation of unpleasent stimulus following behavior in order to decrase frequency of behavior (run sprints after a bad practice) 
Term
negative punishment 
Definition
removal of positive stimulus in order to decrese frequency of that behavior (Time out, grounded)
Term
effectivness of punishment
Definition
immediate after stimulus, limited reinforcement, must explain, only has short term effects
Term
purposive behavior
Definition
idea that behavior is goal orientated- ex. studying hard for good grades to get into a college
Term
latent learning
Definition
unreinforced learning that is not immediatly reflected in behavior. ex. rats in the maze and the rat that didn't get food the 1st time, and finally got food, the ran the maze faster. 
Term
insight learning 
Definition
form of problem solving where organism develops a sudden insight in understanding the problems solution. ex. monkey stacking boxes to get bananas
Term
insticnctive drift
Definition
tendency of animals to rever to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning. ex. raccoons ability to put basketball in hoop, but then went back to pretending to clean it as if it were their food
Term
prepardness
Definition

biological predisposition to learn in certain ways but not others

ex. fear of snakes in humans and monkeys

Term
memory encoding
Definition
1st step of memory, info gets into memory storage
Term
divided attention
Definition
concentrating on more than 1 activity: music and reading the module. 
Term
sustained attention
Definition
ability to focus on 1 thing for an extended period of time
Term
levels of processing
Definition
different levels of thinking and the deeper we think the better we remember
Term
elabaration 
Definition
formation of a different number of different connections around a stimulus at a given memory encoding; the more elabrate the thinking, the better the memory. 
Term
short term memory
Definition
lasts about 20 seconds unless rehearsed, and holds like 5-9 units of info
Term
2 step thoery of retriving
Definition

recall-generate info and recognize if its correct (essay exam)

recogniton- recognize correct info (multiple choice)

 

Term
flashbulb memory
Definition
frozen memory of important event; influenced by:emotion of event, rehersal, knowledge that historc eventis signifccant. 
Term
eidetic memory
Definition
cpacity to store mentail images for longer than normal periods of time
Term
atkinson-shiffren theory
Definition
memory storage involves 3 seperate systems: sensory memory(fraction of a sec), short term memory(up to 30 sec), long term memory(lifetime)
Term
sensory memory
Definition
holding info from world in its original sensory for only an instant before it is exposed to visual auditory and other senses
Term
working memory
Definition
like a computer; everything on it is long term memory and what you have open is th working memory.
Term
explicit memory (declarative)
Definition
consicous recollection of info, such as specefic facts or events
Term
episodic memory
Definition
retention of info about where when and what of lifes happenings; like where you were when your brother was born and what happened on your first date. 
Term
semantic memory
Definition
persons knowledge about world including areas of expertise, everyday knowledge
Term
implicit memory (non-declarative)(cerebellum)
Definition
behavior is affected by prior experience without a conscious recollection of that experience. like the skills to play tennis or snowboarding
Term
procedural memory
Definition
memory for skills; like being really good at typing, you dont have to think of where the keys are or driving a car
Term
priming
Definition
activation of info that people already have in storage to help them remember new info better and faster; priming a word or concept makes it more available in memory.
Term
schema 
Definition
preexisting mental concept or framework that helps people organize and interpret information
Term
script
Definition
schma for an event often containing info about physical features, people, and typical occurances; if after a dinner a guy comes by and drops off a piece of paper its prolly your check
Term
retrieval
Definition
memory process that occurs when info that was in storage comes out;name of first date and so on
Term
autobiographical memory
Definition
specila form of episodic memory consisting of a persons recollections of his, hers life experiences; remember most between 10 and 30 than any other
Term
motivated forgetting 
Definition
forgetting that occurs when something is painful or anxiety-laden that remembering it is intolerable; rape, war vets, plane crashes
Term
inteference theory
Definition
theory that people forget notbecause memories are lost, but other info gets in the way of what they want to remember
Term
proactive interference
Definition
situation in which material that was learned earlier disrupts the recall of material that was learned later; accidentially call your new friend 
Term
retroactive interference
Definition
situation in which material that was learned later disrupts the retrival of info that was learned earlier; accidentially address letter to your new friend instead of old friend
Term
decay theory
Definition
time alone is responsible for forgetting
Term
tip of toungue phenomenon
Definition
confident that we know it but cant pull it out of storage
Term
retrospective memory
Definition
remembering info from the past 
Term
prospective memory
Definition
remembering info about doing something in the future:includes memories for intention;timing and content
Term
amnesia 
Definition
loss of memory 
Term
anterograde amnesia
Definition
a memory disorder that affects the retention of new information and events;like 50 first dates
Term
retrograde amnesia 
Definition
memory loss for a segment of the past but not for new events; head injury of football players 
Term
cognition
Definition
the way in which info is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing
Term
artificial intel (AI)
Definition
a scientific field that focuses on creating machines capable of performing activities that require intelligence when they are done by people (diagnos medical needs)
Term
concepts
Definition
mental category that is used to grop objects, events, and characteristics
Term
prototype model
Definition
we compare the typical item(s) that belong in a catergory(sparrow,robins)and then look for family resemblances (penguin)
Term
subgoals
Definition
intermediate goals, or problems that put us in a better postion to solve the whole enchilada
Term
algorithms
Definition
strategies to gurantee solution to problem
Term
heuristics
Definition
shortcut strategies or guildlines that suggest a solution to a problem but do not gurantee an answer(scrabble)
Term
inductive reasoning
Definition
reasoning from specific observations to make generalizations (phone wont explode next time you turn it on)
Term
deductive reasoning
Definition
reasoning froma general case that is known to be true to a specific instance (if john is from texas than he likes the cowboys)
Term
confirmation bias 
Definition
tendency to search for and use information that supports our ideas rather than refute them. (politiians)
Term
hindsight bias
Definition
tendency to report falsely, after the fact, that we accuratly predicted an outcome (thinking "i always knew that")
Term
base rate fallacy
Definition
TV expert says buy product but god friend gives you bad info about product
Term
representative-ness heuristic
Definition
you dont chose person that looks familiar but you chose guy that looks dirtiest
Term
availibilty heruristic
Definition
girl wants to be doctor but mom says to be a home health-care aide. 
Term
mindfulness
Definition
the state of being alert and mentally present for one's everyday's activities
Term
creativity
Definition
ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and to devise unconventional solutions to problems
Term

divergent thinking 

 

Definition
many solutions as to convergent is only 1 soultion
Term
triarchic theory of intelligence
Definition

analytical intelligence(ability to judge evaluate, compare)

Creative intelligence (create design invent imagine)

practical intelligence (ability to use, apply, implement, and put ideas into practice)

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