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Psychology Mid Term 2
Terms for Mid Term 2
60
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
11/07/2011

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Term
Unconditioned Stimuli (US)
Definition
Input to a reflex.
Ex. Puff off air.
Term
Unconditioned Response (UR)
Definition
Output to a reflex.
Ex. Rabbit Blinks to US air puff.
Term
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Definition
Initially results in investigatory response, then habitual after conditioning; results in CR.
Ex. Beep before puff of air.
Term
Conditioned Response (CR)
Definition
Response to CS.
Ex. Blinking after beep.
Term
Extinction
Definition
CR declines and disappears over trials with out US.
Ex. Bell rings but no food is presented.
Term
Reconditioning
Definition
Accomplished by presenting further learning trials, reconditioning happens faster than original conditioning.
Term
Spontaneous Recovery
Definition
The reappearance of a previously extinguished response after a time interval in which neither the conditioned response (CS) or unconditioned response (US)is presented. Usually happens faster.
Term
Rapid Re-Aquision
Definition
When the CR is eliminated, when you try to re-teach subject, learns very fast.
Term
Contiguity
Definition
One thing depends on the other.
Term
Second Order Conditioning
Definition
1. Establish CS (Bell -> Salivation)
2. New CS is pared with old CS without US. (Tone-> Bell -> Salivation)
3. Eventually, new CS is established with out US. (Tone -> Salivation)

*Past 3rd is hard because you're fighting extinction.
Term
Generalization
Definition
Similar stimuli produce similar responses.
Ex. Trained to responded to orange light - might also respond to (weaker) red light.
Term
Discrimination
Definition
Different stimuli produce different responses.
Ex. CS+ (High tone W/ US)and CS- (Low Tone w/o US) results in CR to CS+ but not CS-.
Term
Instrumental/Operant Conditioning
Definition
Trail and error learning, incremental.
Ex. Cats in a box. (Thorndike)
Term
Law of Effect
Definition
Response is automatically strengthened when followed by reinforcement and weakened when followed with punishment.
Term
Insight Learning
Definition
Suddenly Grasping a concept or figuring out something.
Term
Contingency
Definition
Dependency, stimulus depends on response.
Term
B.F. Skinner
Definition
Skinner Box;
1. Many responses
2. Little time and effort
3. Easily recorded
Term
Cumulative Record
Definition
Total number of responses made.
Term
Reinforcement
Definition
Can be both positive or negative; always increases rate of responding.
Term
Positive Reinforcement
Definition
Delivers appetitive stimulus.
Ex. Food, praise.
Term
Negative Reinforcement
Definition
Removes aversive stimulus.
Ex. An action would cause an alarm NOT to go off or a shock NOT to happen.
Term
Punishment
Definition
Always reduces rate of responding.
Term
Discriminitive Stimulus
Definition
Indicates when a response will be reinforced.
Ex. Pigeon is trained to hop onto a platform, if light is green the reinforcement will be given, if not nothing will happen.
Term
Operant Response
Definition
A behavior that is modifiable through its consequences (Reinforcement or Punishment).
Term
Partial Reinforcement Effect
Definition
Reinforcing only certain trials produces an even stronger response than reinforcing all trials.
Term
Interval Schedule
Definition
Reinforce next response after time interval.
Term
Fixed Interval (FI)
Definition
Time is fixed;rat gets food for next bar press every 30 seconds. The rate of bar pushing increases at the end of each interval.
Term
Fixed Interval Scallop
Definition
Shape on record associated with Fixed Interval.
Term
Variable Interval(VI)
Definition
Time is average; rat gets pellet for next bar press after 20, then 40, then 25, then 35 seconds after last pellet. Averages to around 30 seconds.
Term
Ratio Schedule
Definition
Reinforcement after some number of responses.
Term
Post Reinforcement Pause
Definition
Takes a break after a reinforcement.
Term
Fixed Ratio (FR)
Definition
Ratio is fixed; pellet given after ever 10 bar presses.
Term
Variable Ratio
Definition
Ratio is not fixed, it's an average.
Ex. Gambling.
Term
Shaping
Definition
An instrumental learning procedure in which an animal learns a rather difficult response through the reinforcement of successive approximations to that response.
Term
Successive Approximations
Definition
The process of shaping a response by rewarding closer and closer variations of that response.
Ex. Want pigeon to do a full turn, reward the pigeon as it does a 1/4 turn, 1/2 turn, 3/4 turn and then a full turn.
Term
Chaining
Definition
Linking responses into long sequences.
Term
Inhibition Model
Definition
Shows how Excitatory state is eventually canceled out by Inhibition.
Term
Latent Learning
Definition
Only appears when the correct circumstance presents its self.
Term
Learned Helplessness
Definition
Learn to behave helplessly, even when the opportunity is restored for it to help itself by avoiding an unpleasant or harmful circumstance to which it has been subjected
Term
Elicit
Definition
Makes a response happen. (Classical Conditioning)
Term
Emitted
Definition
Animal Has to do something.
Term
Cognitive Learning
Definition
Learning is not just automatic but involves acquiring knowledge.
Term
Behaviorist View
Definition
Response is learned automatically due to reinforcement.
Term
Cognitive View
Definition
"Cognitive Map" is learned automatically but only used when needed.
Term
Acquisition
Definition
The initial step towards remembering in which things are taken in.
Term
Storage
Definition
To be remembered an experience must have some record in the nervous system.
Term
Retrieval
Definition
The process of retrieving information from storage and use it in some fashion.
Term
Recall
Definition
Drawing information from memory in response to a cue or question.
Term
Recognition
Definition
Presented with a name or face and ask if you have encountered it before.
Term
Memory Acquisition
Definition
Deliberate memorization and incidental memorization.
Term
Memory Encoding
Definition
The process of translating information into a format in for which it can be used later.
Term
Stage Theory of Memory
Definition
Developed 50 Years ago, different types of memory that have to be moved from one store to another.
Term
Working/Short Term Memory
Definition
A memory that holds onto the information you are working with right now.
Term
Long Term Memory
Definition
Information you are not using currently using but is there in case you need it.
Term
Memory Span
Definition
A series of thinks that you have to memorize and repeat in that order after the first time.
Term
Rehearsal
Definition
A process to which items are kept in working memory for an extended period of time increasing the likely hood that these items will be transferred to long term storage.
Term
Primacy Effect
Definition
Words at the front of a list will be more likely to be remember.
Term
Recency Effect
Definition
Last few things said are likely to be remembered.
Term
Chunking
Definition
A process of reorganizing materials in memory that permits a number of items to be packed in a larger unit.
Term
Maintenance Rehearsal
Definition
A strategy that keeps information in working memory but with little long term effect. (Phone numbers)
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