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Psychology & Life Chapter 17
Social Psychology
44
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
08/04/2012

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Term
social psychology
Definition
The branch of psychology that studies the effect of
social variables on individual behaviour, attitudes, perceptions, and
motives; also studies group and intergroup phenomena.
Term
social cognition
Definition
The process by which people select, interpret, and
remember social information.
Term
social perception
Definition
The process by which a person comes to know and
categorize the personal attributes and behaviours of others.
Term
attribution theory
Definition
A social-cognitive approach to describing the ways the
social perceiver uses information to generate causal explanations.
Term
covariation principle
Definition
A theory suggesting that people attribute a
behaviour to a causal factor if that factor was present whenever the
behaviour occurred but was absent whenever it did not occur.
Term
fundamental attribution error (FAE)
Definition
The dual tendency of observers to
underestimate the impact of situational factors and to overestimate the
influence of dispositional factors on a person’s behaviour.
Term
actor–observer bias
Definition
The basic difference in the way we make attributions
for our own behaviours compared to the behaviours of others.
Term
self-serving bias
Definition
An attributional bias in which people tend to take credit
for their successes and deny responsibility for their failures.
Term
self-fulfilling prophecy
Definition
A prediction made about some future behaviour
or event that modifies interactions so as to produce what is expected.
Term
attitude
Definition
The learned, relatively stable tendency to respond to people,
concepts, and events in an evaluative way.
Term
persuasion
Definition
Deliberate efforts to change attitudes.
Term
elaboration likelihood model
Definition
A theory of persuasion that defines how
likely it is that people will focus their cognitive processes to elaborate
upon a message and therefore follow the central and peripheral routes
to persuasion.
Term
cognitive dissonance
Definition
The theory that the tension-producing effects of
incongruous cognitions motivate individuals to reduce such tension.
Term
self-perception theory
Definition
The idea that people observe themselves in order
to figure out the reasons they act as they do; people infer what their
internal states are by perceiving how they are acting in a given
situation.
Term
compliance
Definition
A change in behaviour consistent with a communication
source’s direct requests.
Term
reciprocity norm
Definition
Expectation that favours will be returned—if someone
does something for another person, that person should do something
in return.
Term
prejudice
Definition
A learned attitude toward a target object, involving negative
affect (dislike or fear), negative beliefs (stereotypes) that justify the
attitude, and a behavioural intention to avoid, control, dominate, or
eliminate the target object.
Term
social categorization
Definition
The process by which people organize the social
environment by categorizing themselves and others into groups.
Term
in-groups
Definition
The groups with which people identify as members.
Term
out-groups
Definition
The groups with which people do not identify as members.
Term
in-group bias
Definition
An evaluation of one’s own group as better than others.
Term
racism
Definition
Discrimination against people based on their skin colour or ethnic
heritage.
Term
sexism
Definition
Discrimination against people because of their sex.
Term
stereotypes
Definition
Generalizations about a group of people in which the same
characteristics are assigned to all members of a group.
Term
behavioural confirmation
Definition
The process by which people behave in ways
that elicit from others specific expected reactions and then use those
reactions to confirm their beliefs.
Term
contact hypothesis
Definition
The prediction that contact between groups will
reduce prejudice only if the contact includes features such as
co-operation toward shared goals.
Term
social role
Definition
A socially defined pattern of behaviour that is expected of a
person who is functioning in a given setting or group.
Term
rules
Definition
Behavioural guidelines for acting in certain ways in certain
situations.
Term
social norms
Definition
The expectations a group has for its members regarding
acceptable and appropriate attitudes and behaviours.
Term
conformity
Definition
The tendency for people to adopt the behaviours, attitudes,
and values of other members of a reference group.
Term
informational influence
Definition
Group effects that arise from individuals’ desire
to be correct and to understand how best to act in a given situation.
Term
normative influence
Definition
Group effects that arise from individuals’ desire to be
liked, accepted, and approved of by others.
Term
norm crystallization
Definition
The convergence of the expectations of a group of
individuals into a common perspective as they talk and carry out
activities together.
Term
group polarization
Definition
The tendency for groups to make decisions that are
more extreme than the decisions that would be made by the members
acting alone.
Term
groupthink
Definition
The tendency of a decision-making group to filter out
undesirable input so that a consensus may be reached, especially if it is
in line with the leader’s viewpoint.
Term
aggression
Definition
Behaviours that cause psychological or physical harm to
another individual.
Term
prosocial behaviours
Definition
Behaviours that are carried out with the goal of
helping other people.
Term
altruism
Definition
Prosocial behaviours a person carries out without considering
his or her own safety or interests.
Term
impulsive aggression
Definition
Emotion-driven aggression produced in reaction to
situations.
Term
instrumental aggression
Definition
Cognition-based and goal-directed aggression
carried out with premeditated thought to achieve specific aims.
Term
frustration–aggression hypothesis
Definition
According to this hypothesis,
frustration occurs in situations in which people are prevented or
blocked from attaining their goals; a rise in frustration then leads to a
greater probability of aggression.
Term
reciprocal altruism
Definition
The idea that people perform altruistic behaviours
because they expect that others will perform altruistic behaviours for
them in turn.
Term
bystander intervention
Definition
Willingness to assist a person in need of help.
Term
diffusion of responsibility
Definition
In emergency situations, the larger the number
of bystanders, the less responsibility any one of the bystanders feels to
help.
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