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Psychology & Life Chapter 16
Therapies for Psychological Disorders
41
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
08/04/2012

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Term
biomedical therapies
Definition
Treatments for psychological disorders that alter
brain functioning with chemical or physical interventions such as
drug therapy, surgery, or electroconvulsive therapy.
Term
psychotherapy
Definition
Any of a group of therapies used to treat psychological
disorders that focuses on changing faulty behaviours, thoughts,
perceptions, and emotions that may be associated with specific
disorders.
Term
clinical social worker
Definition
A mental health professional whose specialized
training prepares him or her to consider the social context of people’s
problems.
Term
pastoral counsellor
Definition
A member of a religious order who specializes in the
treatment of psychological disorders, often combining spirituality with
practical problem solving.
Term
clinical psychologist
Definition
An individual who has earned a doctorate in
psychology and whose training is in the assessment and treatment
of psychological problems.
Term
counselling psychologist
Definition
Psychologist who specializes in providing
guidance in areas such as vocational selections, school problems, drug
abuse, and marital conflict.
Term
psychiatrist
Definition
An individual who has obtained an MD degree and also has
completed postdoctoral specialty training in mental and emotional
disorders; a psychiatrist is authorized to prescribe medications for the
treatment of psychological disorders.
Term
psychoanalyst
Definition
An individual who has earned either a PhD or an MD
degree and has completed postgraduate training in the Freudian
approach to understanding and treating mental disorders.
Term
patient
Definition
The term used by those who take a biomedical approach to the
treatment of psychological problems to describe the person being
treated.
Term
client
Definition
The term used by clinicians who think of psychological disorders as
problems in living, and not as mental illnesses, to describe those being
treated.
Term
deinstitutionalization
Definition
The movement to treat people with psychological
disorders in the community rather than in psychiatric hospitals.
Term
psychoanalysis
Definition
The form of psychodynamic therapy developed by Freud;
an intensive, prolonged technique for exploring unconscious
motivations and conflicts in neurotic, anxiety-ridden individuals.
Term
insight therapy
Definition
A technique by which the therapist guides a patient toward
discovering insights between present symptoms and past origins.
Term
free association
Definition
The therapeutic method in which a patient gives a
running account of thoughts, wishes, physical sensations, and mental
images as they occur.
Term
catharsis
Definition
The process of expressing strongly felt but usually repressed
emotions.
Term
resistance
Definition
The inability or unwillingness of a patient in psychoanalysis to
discuss certain ideas, desires, or experiences.
Term
dream analysis
Definition
The psychoanalytic interpretation of dreams used to gain
insight into a person’s unconscious motives or conflicts.
Term
transference
Definition
The process by which a person in psychoanalysis attaches to
a therapist feelings formerly held toward some significant person who
figured into past emotional conflict.
Term
countertransference
Definition
Circumstances in which a psychoanalyst develops
personal feelings about a client because of perceived similarity of the
client to significant people in the therapist’s life.
Term
behaviour modification
Definition
The systematic use of principles of learning to
increase the frequency of desired behaviours and/or decrease the
frequency of problem behaviours.
Term
counterconditioning
Definition
A technique used in therapy to substitute a new
response for a maladaptive one by means of conditioning procedures.
Term
exposure therapy
Definition
A behavioural technique in which clients are exposed to
the objects or situations that cause them anxiety.
Term
systematic desensitization
Definition
A behavioural therapy technique in which a
client is taught to prevent the arousal of anxiety by confronting the
feared stimulus while relaxed.
Term
aversion therapy
Definition
A type of behavioural therapy used to treat individuals
attracted to harmful stimuli; an attractive stimulus is paired with a
noxious stimulus in order to elicit a negative reaction to the target
stimulus.
Term
contingency management
Definition
A general treatment strategy involving
changing behaviour by modifying its consequences.
Term
social-learning therapy
Definition
A form of treatment in which clients observe
models’ desirable behaviours being reinforced.
Term
participant modelling
Definition
A therapeutic technique in which a therapist
demonstrates the desired behaviour and a client is aided, through
supportive encouragement, to imitate the modelled behaviour.
Term
behavioural rehearsal
Definition
Procedures used to establish and strengthen basic
skills; as used in social-skills training programs; requires the client to
rehearse a desirable behaviour sequence mentally.
Term
cognitive therapy
Definition
A type of psychotherapeutic treatment that attempts to
change feelings and behaviours by changing the way a client thinks
about or perceives significant life experiences.
Term
rational-emotive therapy (RET)
Definition
A comprehensive system of personality
change based on changing irrational beliefs that cause undesirable,
highly charged emotional reactions such as severe anxiety.
Term
cognitive behavioural therapy
Definition
A therapeutic approach that combines the
cognitive emphasis on thoughts and attitudes with the behavioural
emphasis on changing performance.
Term
human-potential movement
Definition
The therapy movement that encompasses all
those practices and methods that release the potential of the average
human being for greater levels of performance and greater richness of
experience.
Term
client-centred therapy
Definition
A humanistic approach to treatment that
emphasizes the healthy psychological growth of the individual based
on the assumption that all people share the basic tendency of human
nature toward self-actualization.
Term
Gestalt therapy
Definition
Therapy that focuses on ways to unite mind and body to
make a person whole.
Term
psychopharmacology
Definition
The branch of psychology that investigates the
effects of drugs on behaviour.
Term
psychosurgery
Definition
A surgical procedure performed on brain tissue to alleviate
a psychological disorder.
Term
prefrontal lobotomy
Definition
An operation that severs the nerve fibres connecting
the frontal lobes of the brain with the diencephalon especially those
fibres in the thalamic and hypothalamic areas; best known form of
psychosurgery.
Term
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Definition
The use of electroconvulsive shock as an
effective treatment for severe depression.
Term
spontaneous-remission effect
Definition
The improvement of some mental patients
and clients in psychotherapy without any professional intervention; a
baseline criterion against which the effectiveness of therapies must be
assessed.
Term
placebo therapy
Definition
A therapy independent of any specific clinical procedures
that results in client improvement.
Term
meta-analysis
Definition
A statistical technique for evaluating hypotheses by providing
a formal mechanism for detecting the general conclusions found in data
from many different experiments.
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