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Psychology GRE people (Kaplan)
key people from the Kaplan Psychology GRE book
148
Psychology
Graduate
10/07/2010

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Cards

Term
Aronson & Linder
Definition
Proposed the gain-loss principle (an evaluation that changes will have more effect than an evaluation that remains constant)
Term
Asch, S.
Definition
Studied conformity by asking subjects to compare lengths of lines
Term
Bem, D.
Definition
Developed self-perception theory as an alternative to cognitive dissonance theory
Term
Clark & Clark
Definition
Performed study on doll preference in African-American children; results used in Brown v. Board of Ed
Term
Darley & Latane
Definition
Proposed that there were two factors that could lead to non-helping: social influence and diffusion of responsibility
Term
Eagly
Definition
Suggested that gender differences in conformity were not due to gender per se, but to differing social roles.
Term
Festinger
Definition
Developed cognitive dissonance theory as well as social comparison theory
Term
Hall, E.
Definition
Studied norms for interpersonal distance in interpersonal interactions
Term
Heider
Definition
Developed balance theory to explain why attitudes change; also developed attribution theory and divided attributions into two categories: dispositional and situational
Term
Hovland
Definition
Studied attitude change
Term
Janis
Definition
Developed the concept of groupthink to explain how group decision-making can sometimes go awry
Term
Lerner
Definition
Proposed the concept of belief in a just world
Term
Lewin
Definition
Divided leadership styles into three categories: autocratic, democratic and laissez-faire
Term
McGuire
Definition
Studied how psychological inoculation could help people resist persuasion
Term
Milgram
Definition
Studied obedience by asking subjects to administer electroshock; also proposed stimulus-overload theory to explain differences between country and city dwellers 
Term
Newcomb
Definition
Studied political norms
Term
Petty & Cacioppo
Definition
Developed elaboration likelihood model of persuasion (central and peripheral routes to persuasion)
Term
Schachter
Definition
Studied relationship between anxiety and the need for affiliation
Term
Sherif
Definition
Used autokinetic effect to study conformity; also performed Robber's Cave experiment and found that having superordinate goals increased group cooperation
Term
Zajonc
Definition
Studied the mere exposure effect; also resolved problems with the social facilitation effect by suggesting that the presence of others enhances the emission of dominant responses and impairs the emission of nondominant responses
Term
Zimbardo
Definition
Performed prison stimulation and used concept of deindividuation to explain results
Term
Ainsworth
Definition
Devised the strange situation to study attachment
Term
Baumrind
Definition
Studied the relationship between parental style and aggression
Term
Bowlby
Definition
Studied attachment in human children
Term
Chomsky
Definition
Linguist who suggested that children have an innate capacity for language acquistion
Term
Erikson
Definition
Outlined eight stages of psychosocial development covering the entire lifespan
Term
Freud
Definition
Outlined five stages of psychosexual development; stressed the importance of the Oedipal conflict in psychosexual development
Term
Gesell
Definition
Believed that development was due primarily to maturation
Term
Gilligan
Definition
Suggested that males and females have difference orientations toward morality
Term
Hall, G.
Definition
The founder of development psychology
Term
Harlow
Definition
Used monkeys and surrogate mothers to study the role of contact comfort in bond formation
Term
Kohlberg
Definition
Studied moral development using moral dilemmas
Term
Locke
Definition
British philosopher who suggested that infants had no predetermined tendencies, that they were blank slates/tabula rasas to be written on by experience
Term
Lorenz
Definition
Studied imprinting in birds
Term
Piaget
Definition
Outlined four stages of cognitive development
Term
Rousseau
Definition
French philosopher who suggested that development could unfold without help from society
Term
Terman
Definition
Performed longitudinal study on gifted children
Term
Tryon
Definition
Studied the genetic basis of maze-running ability in rats
Term
Vygotsky
Definition
Studied cognitive development; stressed the importance of the zone of proximal development
Term
Adler
Definition
Psychodynamic theorist best known for the concept of the inferiority complex
Term
Allport
Definition
Trait theorist known for the concept of functional autonomy; distinguished between idiographic and nomothetic approaches to personality
Term
Bandura
Definition
Behaviorist theorist known for his social learning theory; did modeling experiment using punching bag
Term
Bem, S.
Definition
Suggested that masculinity and femininity were two separate dimensions; also linked with concept of androgyny
Term
Cattell
Definition
Trait theorist who used factor analysis to study personality
Term
Dollard & Miller
Definition
Behaviorist theorists who attempted to study psychoanalytic concepts within a behaviorist framework; also known for their work on approach-avoidance conflicts
Term
Erikson
Definition
Ego psychologist whose psychosocial stages of development encompass entire lifespan
Term
Eysenck
Definition
Trait theorist who proposed two main dimensions on which human personalities differ: introversion-extroversion and emotional stability-neuroticism
Term
Freud, Anna
Definition
Founder of ego psychology
Term
Horney
Definition
Psychodynamic theorist who suggested there were three ways to relate to others: moving toward, moving against, and moving away from
Term
Jung
Definition
Psychodynamic theorist who broke with Frued over the concept of libido; suggested that the unconscious could be divided into the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious, with archetypes in the latter
Term
Kelly
Definition
Based personality theory on the notion of individual as a scientist
Term
Kernberg
Definition
Objects-relations theorist
Term
Klein
Definition

Objects-relations theorist

Term
Lewin
Definition
Phenomenological personality theorist who developed field theory
Term
Mahler
Definition

Objects-relations theorist

Term
Maslow
Definition
Phenomenological personality theorist known for developing a hierarchy of needs and for the concept of self-actualization
Term
McClelland
Definition
Studied need for acheivement (nAch)
Term
Mischel
Definition
Critic of trait theories of personality
Term
Rogers
Definition
Phenomenological personality theorist
Term
Rotter
Definition
Studied locus of control
Term
Sheldon
Definition
Attempted to relate somatotype to personality type
Term
Skinner
Definition
behaviorist
Term
Winnicott
Definition

 

Objects-relations theorist

 

Term
Witkin
Definition
Studied field-dependence and field-independence using the rod-and-frame test
Term
Beck
Definition
Cognitive behavior therapist known for his therapy for depression
Term
Bleuler
Definition
Coined the term schizophrenia
Term
Dix
Definition
19C American advocate of asylum reform
Term
Ellis
Definition
Cognitive behavioral therapist known for his rational-emotive therapy (RET)
Term
Freud
Definition
developed psychoanalysis
Term
Kraepelin
Definition
Developed system in 19C for classifying mental disorders; DSM-IV can be considered to be a descendant of this system
Term
Pinel
Definition
Reformed French asylums in the late 18C
Term
Rogers
Definition
Developed client-centered therapy, a therapy that was based upon the concept of unconditional positive regard
Term
Rosenhan
Definition
Investigated the effect of being labelled mentally ill by having pseudopatients admitted into mental hospitals
Term
Seligman
Definition
Formulated learned helplessness theory of depression
Term
Szasz
Definition
Suggested that most of the mental disorders treated by clinicians are not really mental disorders; wrote The Myth of Mental Illness
Term
Broca
Definition
French anatomist who identified the part of the brain primarily associated with producing spoken language; Broca's area
Term
Cannon
Definition
Physiologist who studied the autonomic nervous system, including fight or flight reactions; investigated homeostasis; proposed the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
Term
Kandel
Definition
Demonstrated that simple learning behavior in sea snails is associated with changes in neurotransmission
Term
James & Lange
Definition
Proposed the James-Lange theory of emotions (recognize emotion based on how body reacts)
Term
Kluver & Bucy
Definition
Studied loss of normal fear and rage reactions in monkeys resulting from damage to temporal lobe; also studied the amygdala's role in emotion
Term
Luria
Definition
Russian neurologist who studied how brain damage leads to impairment in sensory, motor, and language functions
Term
Milner
Definition
Studied severe anterograde amnesia in HM, a patient whose hippocampus and temporal lobes were removed surgically to control epilepsy
Term
Olds & Milner
Definition
Demonstrated existence of pleasure center in the brain using self-stimulation studies in rats
Term
Penfield
Definition
Canadian neurosurgeon who used electrodes and electrical stimulation techniques to map out different parts of the brain during surgery
Term
Schachter & Singer
Definition
Proposed the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion (unspecified physiological arousal will be labeled as different emotions depending on cognitive evaluation of environmental situation)
Term
Sherrington
Definition
English physiologist who first inferred the existence of the synapse
Term
Sperry & Gazzaniga
Definition
Investigated functional differences between left and right cerebral hemispheres using split brain studies
Term
Wernicke
Definition
German neurologist who identified the part of the brain primarily associated with understanding spoken language; Wernicke's area
Term
Bekesy
Definition
Empirical studies led to traveling wave theory of pitch perception which, at least partially, supported Helmholtz's place-resonance theory
Term
Berkeley
Definition
Developed a list of depth cues that help us to perceive depth
Term
Broadbent
Definition
Proposed filter theory of attention
Term
Fechner
Definition
Developed Fechner's law, which expresses the relationship between the intensity of the stimulus and the intensity of sensation
Term
Gibson & Walk
Definition
Developed the visual cliff apparatus, which is used to study the development of depth perception
Term
Gibson
Definition
studied depth cues (especially texture gradients) that help us to perceive depth
Term
Helmholtz
Definition
Developed Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory of color vision; developed place-resonance theory of pitch perception
Term
Hering
Definition
Developed opponent process theory of color vision
Term
Hubel & Wiesel
Definition
Studied feature detection in visual cortex and discovered simple, complex, and hypercomplex cells
Term
Kohler
Definition
Developed theory of isomorphism
Term

Melzack & Wall

Definition
Proposed gate theory of pain
Term
Stevens
Definition
Developed Stevens' Law as an alternative to Fechner's law
Term
Swets
Definition
Refined ROC curves in signal detection theory
Term
Wever and Bray
Definition
Proposed volley theory of pitch perception in response to a criticism of the frequency theory of pitch perception
Term
Yerkes & Dodson
Definition
Developed the Yerkes-Dodson law which states that performance is best at intermediate levels of arousal
Term
Bandura
Definition
studied observational learning
Term
Breland & Breland
Definition
Discovered and studied instinctual drift
Term
Garcia
Definition
Studied taste-aversion learning and proposed that some species are biologically prepared to learn connections between certain stimuli
Term
Kohler
Definition
Studied insight in problem solving
Term
Pavlov
Definition
Classical conditioning
Term
Premack
Definition
Suggested the Premack principle: a more preferred activity could be used to reinforce a less preferred activity
Term
Rescorla
Definition
Performed experiments which showed that contiguity could not fully explain classical conditioning; proposed contingency theory of classical conditioning
Term
Skinner
Definition
Operant conditioning
Term
Thorndike
Definition
Proposed the law of effect; used puzzle boxes to study problem solving in cats
Term
Tinbergen
Definition
Ethologist who introduced experimental methods in field situations
Term
von Frisch
Definition
Ethologist who studied communication in honeybees
Term
Watson
Definition
Performed experiment on Little Albert that suggested that the acquisition of phobias was due to classical conditioning
Term
Wilson
Definition
Developed sociobiology
Term
Wolpe
Definition
Developed method of systematic desensitization to eliminate phobias
Term
Bartlett
Definition
Investigated the role of schemata in memory; concluded that memory is largely a reconstructive process
Term
Cattell
Definition
Divided intelligence into fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence and looked at how they change throughout the lifespan
Term
Collins and Loftus
Definition
Devised the spreading activation model of semantic memory
Term
Craik & Lockhart
Definition
Developed the levels-of-processing theory of memory as an alternative to the stage theory of memory
Term
Ebbinghaus
Definition
Studied memory using nonsense syllables and the method of savings
Term
Gardner
Definition
Proposed a theory of multiple intelligences that divides intelligence into seven different types, all of which are equally important; traditional IQ tests measure only two of the seven types
Term
Guilford
Definition
Devised divergent thinking test to measure creativity
Term
Kahneman & Tversky
Definition
Investigated the use of heuristics in decision making; studied the availability heuristic and the representativeness heuristic
Term
Loftus
Definition
Studied eyewitness memory and concluded that our memories can be altered by presenting new information or by asking misleading questions
Term
Luchins
Definition
Used the water-jar problem to study the effect of mental sets on problem-solving
Term
Macoby & Jacklin
Definition
Found support for gender difference in verbal ability
Term
McClelland & Rumelhart
Definition
Suggested that brain processes information using parallel distribution processing
Term
Miller
Definition
Found that the capacity of short term memory is 7 plus or minus 2
Term
Paivio
Definition
Proposed dual-code hypothesis
Term
Smith, Shoben & Rips
Definition
Devised the sematic feature-comparision model or semantic memory
Term
Spearman
Definition
Suggested that individual differences in intelligence were largely due to difference in amount of a general factor, g.
Term
Sperling
Definition
Studied the capacity of sensory memory using the partial report method
Term
Sternberg
Definition
Proposed the triarchic theory that divides intelligence into three types: componential, experiential, and contextual
Term
Thurstone
Definition
Used factor analysis to study primary mental abilities, factors more specific than g but more general than s
Term
Whorf
Definition
Hypothesized that language determines how reality is perceived
Term
Binet & Simon
Definition
Developed the Binet-Simon intelligence test; introduced the concept of mental age
Term
Holland
Definition
Developed the RIASEC model of occupational themes
Term
Jensen
Definition
Suggested that there were genetically based racial differences in IQ; this suggestion has been much criticized
Term
Morgan & Murray
Definition
Developed the Thematic Appreception Task (TAT), a projective test designed to measure personality
Term
Rorschach
Definition
Developed the Rorschach inkblot test, a projective test designed to measure personality
Term
Rotter
Definition
Developed a sentence completion test (projective/personality)
Term
Stern
Definition
Developed the concept of ratio IQ
Term
Strong & Campbell
Definition
Developed the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory; used to assess interest in different lines of work
Term
Terman
Definition
Revised the Binet-Simon intelligence test; revision because known as the Stanford-Binet IQ test
Term
Wechsler
Definition
Developed several intelligence tests for use with different ages; these tests yield three deviation IQs: a verbal IQ, a performance IQ, and a full-scale IQ
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