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Psychology Flashcards (Part 1)
A bunch of terms and such that I collected over the semester for my final exam.
100
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
12/09/2011

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Nativism
Definition
Certain amount of knowledge/personality you are born with.
Term
Empiricism (Aristotle)
Definition
Born as blank slates, experience develops knowledge/personality
Term
Dualism (Descartes)
Definition
Mind and body are seperate, mind is purely soul and body is purely physical
Term
Monism (Hobbes)
Definition
The mind and body are intricately linked, or the same
Term
Structuralism
Definition
Analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind
Term
Functionalism (William James)
Definition

William James - 1st American psychologist, influenced by Darwin's theory of natural selection.

 

Functionalism - analysis of the purpose that mental processes serve

Term
Gestalt psychology
Definition
Analysis of the whole rather than the sum of its parts
Term
Psychoanalytic Theory
Definition
Analysis of the unconscious mental processes that shape feelings, thoughts, and behaviors
Term
Behaviorism
Definition
Study of objectively observable behavior
Term
John Watson
Definition
Little Albert study, behaviorist
Term
Social psychology
Definition
Scientific study of the causes and consequences of interpersonal behavior
Term
Operational definition
Definition
Description of the abstract properties in terms of a concrete condition that can be measured (ex: agression is this, this, and this)
Term
Measure
Definition
Device that can detect measurable effects to which the operational definition refers (questionnaire, observational studies)
Term
Samples
Definition
Psychologists cannot realistically conduct studies on populations, instead a portion is taken or a representative amount of the population is taken. A "sample" of the population is taken.
Term
Naturalistic observation
Definition
Unobtrusively observing people in their natural environments
Term
Direct observation
Definition
Observing people when they know they are being observed
Term
Correlation
Definition
The "co-relationship" between two variables
Term
Demand characteristics
Definition
Aspects of the setting that cause people to behave as they think the researcher wants or expects (potential bias) - researchers avoid this by anonymously taking data, natural observation, "blind" participants, not telling the participants the exact hypothesis
Term
Research Ethics
Definition
Free consent, protection from harm, debriefing, informed consent (reasonable explanation), all psychology research should follow APA guidelines, rights and welfare need to be protected, both researchers and participants need to be aware of ethical requirements, studies must be approved by IRB
Term
Neuron
Definition
Cell in the nervous system
Term
Cell body of the Neuron
Definition
main body, coordinates information processing
Term
Parts of the Neuron: dendrites
Definition
short, branchlike extensions that receive info and relay it to the cell body
Term
Parts of the Neuron: axon
Definition
Long, narrow extension (one) that transmits info
Term
Parts of the Neuron: synapse
Definition
Space between two neurons
Term
Parts of the Neuron: myelin sheaths
Definition
Fatty layers covering the axon
Term
Resting potential
Definition
Natural electric charge of a neuron when it is at rest
Term
Action potential
Definition
Electric signal that is conducted along an axon to a synapse
Term
Neurotransmitters: Dopamine
Definition
Motor, motivation, pleasure, emotional arousal
Term
Neurotransmitters: Serotonin
Definition
sleep/wakefulness, eating, aggressive behavior
Term
Neurotransmitters: norepinephrine
Definition
mood, physiological arousals
Term
Neurotransmitters: endorphins
Definition
Pain relief
Term
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Definition
Recieves and processes information, sends commands to the skeletal and muscular systems (brain, spinal cord)
Term
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Definition
Connects the CNS to the rest of the body
Term
Somatic Nervous System
Definition
Voluntary movements, conveys info to and fro the CNS
Term
Autonomic Nervous System
Definition
Involuntary movements
Term
Sympathetic Nervous System
Definition
Fight or flight response (pupils dilate, heart rate increases, certain systems shut down)
Term
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Definition
Calms the body down
Term
Hindbrain
Definition
Coordinates info coming into and out of the spinal cord, controls very based functions of life (medulla and cerebellum)
Term
Medulla
Definition
Heart rate, circulation, respiration (reticular formation inside medulla - sleep, phsyiological arousal)
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
Motor skills, smooths out movements
Term
Pons
Definition
Seems to help send info from cerebellum to brain
Term
Midbrain
Definition
Small midsection of the brain that is involved in orientation and movement (tectum - receiving sensory info, negotiates surroundings; tegmentum - helps move towards what you need)
Term
Forebrain
Definition
Highest level of the brain that controls complex cognitive, emotional, sensory, and motor functions
Term
Subcortical structures of the forebrain
Definition

Thalamus - relay station, no smell, knows what is relevant

Hypothalamus - body temperature, blood sugar, drives

Amygdala - emotions

Hippocampus - new memories

Term
Cerebral cortext and its parts
Definition

Occipital lobe - vision

Parietal lobe - touch

Temporal lobe - hearing and language

Frontal lobe - thinking, planning, reasoning, memory

Term
Corpus Callosum
Definition
Large bundles of axons that connect the two hemispheres of the brian and allows the two sides to communicate
Term
Sensation
Definition
Stimulation of sensory neurons from some physical stimulus
Term
Perception
Definition
Organization, identification, and interpretation of a sensation
Term
Transduction
Definition
Conversion of physical signals from the environments to neural signals sent to the CNS
Term
Selective Attention
Definition
Perceiving only what is currently related to you
Term
Sensory Adaptation
Definition
Sensitivity to prolonged stimulation declines over time (when you first put jeans on you notice the feeling but throughout the day you forget about it)
Term
The eyes and their parts
Definition

Cornea - light waves come in

Pupil

Lens - constantly adjusting

Retina - back of the eye, visual processing, transduction

Cones and rods - cones: color, rods: b & w

Optic nerve - connect eyeball to the brain

Term
Perceptual grouping
Definition
We percieve visual stimuli as groups that fit together (closure - closing in gaps, proximity - interpret based on how they're displayed together)
Term
Explicit memory
Definition
Consciouslly recall
Term
Implicit memory
Definition
Not aware of, something has to jog the retrieval process, can't consciously happen
Term
Semantic memory
Definition
Collection of knowledge
Term
Episodic memory
Definition
Personal memory about one's own life
Term
Procedural memory
Definition
carry out actions
Term
Processes of memory
Definition

Encoding - put information into memory

Storage - maintain it into memory

Retrieval - recover it from memory

Term
Sensory memories
Definition

Iconic - visual, last about 1 second

Echoic - auditory, lasts about 5 seconds

Term
Working memory
Definition
Active maintenance of info into short-term memory
Term
Maximizing short-term memory
Definition

Rehearsal - mentally repeating information

Chunking - combining information

Encoding - the process by which we transform what we perceive, think, or feel into enduring memory

Term
Priming
Definition
An enhanced ability to think of a stimulus due to recent exposure to the stimulus
Term
Retrograde Amnesia
Definition
Inability to retrieve info that was acquired before a particular date
Term
Anterograde Amnesia
Definition
Inability to make new memories (50 1st Dates!)
Term
Ebbinghaus' Forgetting Curve
Definition
Shows that most of our forgetting happens right away
Term
Memory misattribution
Definition
Assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source
Term
Source memory
Definition
Memory of when, where, and how information was acquired
Term
Suggestibility
Definition
Incorporating information from external sources into personal memories
Term
Consistency bias
Definition
Reconstructing the past to make it fit the present
Term
Change bias
Definition
Reconstructing the past to exaggerate differences
Term
Learning
Definition
Any kind of permanent change, caused by an experience, in the learner
Term
Classical Conditioning
Definition
A change in your preference based on an experience, a neutral stimulus paired with a stimulus that produces a response naturally
Term
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
Definition
Something that produces a naturally occuring reaction
Term
Unconditioned Response (UR)
Definition
Naturally occuring reaction to the unconditioned stimulus
Term
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Definition
Neutral at first and produces no particular reaction
Term
Conditioned Response (CR)
Definition
Reaction to the conditioned stimulus
Term
Acquistion Stage
Definition
Pairing the unconditioned stimulus with the conditioned stimulus
Term
Generalization
Definition
Conditioned response occurs even though the conditioned stimulus is slightly different from the original stimulus used during learning
Term
Discrimination
Definition
Distinguishing between similar but distinct stimuli
Term
Extinction
Definition
Gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus
Term
Spontaneous Recovery
Definition
Learned behavior will recover from extinction after a rest period
Term
Operant conditioning
Definition
Reinforcements and punishments to learn or unlearn a behavior
Term
Reinforcement
Definition
Increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated
Term
Punishment
Definition
Decreases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated
Term
Positive and Negative Reinforcements and Punishments
Definition

Positive - Stimulus is presented

Negative - Stimulus is removed

Term
Fixed Interval (FI) Schedule
Definition
Reinforcements are presented at fixed time periods (assuming that the desired behavior is performed)
Term
Variable Interval (VI) Schedule
Definition
Reinforcements based on an average time has expired since the last reinforcements 
Term
Fixed Ratio (FR) Schedule
Definition
Reinforcement is presented after a specific number of responses have occured
Term
Variable Ratio (VR) Schedule
Definition
Reinforcement is presented based on an average number of responses (slot machine)
Term
Shaping
Definition
Learning that occurs from the reinforcement of successive approximations to the final desired behavior
Term
Observational learning
Definition
Type of learning that occurs by watching the actions of others (and obseving the consequences of those actions)
Term
Modeling
Definition
Process of observing and imitating specific behaviors
Term
Intelligence
Definition
A mental ability that enables people to direct their thinking, adapt to their circumstances, and learn from their experiences
Term
Hypnosis
Definition
An altered state of consciousness characterized by suggestibility and the feeling that one's actions are occuring involuntarily
Term
Psychoactive Drugs
Definition
Chemicals that influence consciousness or behavior by altering the brian's chemical messaging system
Term
Agonist
Definition
Increases the action of a neurotransmitter
Term
Antagonist
Definition
Blocks the functions of a neurotransmitter
Term
Tolerance
Definition
Larger doses become required to achieve the same effect (ex: drugs)
Term
Depressants
Definition

Substances that reduce the activity of the CNS, increase the activity of GABA (leading to disinhibition) and have calming, sedative effects

(Examples: alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and inhalants)

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