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Psychology Final
Studying for Psychology final
84
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
12/11/2011

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
motivation
Definition
the factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms
Term
drive
Definition
motivational tension, or arousal, that energizes behavior to fulfill a need
Term
drive reduction theory of motivation
Definition
theories suggesting that a lack of a basic bioloical requirement such as water produces a drive to obtain that requirement (in this case, the thirst drive)
Term
homeostasis
Definition
the body's tendency to maintain a steady internal state
Term
arousal approach to motivation
Definition
the belief that we try to maintain certain levels of stimulation and activity, increasing or reducing them as necessary
Term
extrinsic vs intrinsic motivation
Definition

extrinsic: causes us to do something for money, a grade, of some other concrete, tangible reward

 

intrinsic: causes us to participate in an activity for our own enjoyment rather than for any concrete, tangible reward that it will bring us

Term
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Definition
physiological needs, safety needs, love and belongingness, esteem, self-actualization
Term
characteristics of anorexia
Definition

people may refuse to eat while denying that their behavior and appearance - often skeleton like - are unusual.

occurs after serious dieting, they may cook for others, go food shopping frequently, and collect cookbooks.

Term
characteristics of bulimia
Definition

a disorder in which people bine on large quantities of food, then feel guilt and depression and often induce vomiting or take laxatives to get rid of the food - behavior known as purging.

 

can lead to heart failure.

Term
need for achievement
Definition
a stable, learned characteristic in which a person obtains satisfaction by striving for and attaining a level of excellece
Term
need for affiliation
Definition
an interest in establishing and maintaining relationships with other people
Term
functions of emotions
Definition

preparing us for action: act as a link between events in our environment and our responses

shaping our future behavior: promote learning that will help us make appropriate responses in the future

helping us interact more effectively with others: can act as a signal to observers, allowing them to better understand what we are experiencing.

Term
basic emotions
Definition

happiness, anger, fear sadness, disgust

 

surprise, contempt, guilt, joy

(broader emotions)

Term
babinski reflex
Definition
a babys toes fan out when the outer edge of the sole of the foot is stroked
Term
startle reflex
Definition
a series of movements in which an infant flings out the arms, fans the fingers, and arches the back in response to a sudden noise
Term
attachment
Definition
the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a specific individual
Term
attachment styles
Definition
securely attached, avoidant children, ambivalent children, disorganized-disoriented children
Term
difference between parents regarding play
Definition

fathers engage in more physical, rough-and-tumble sorts of activities

mothers play more verbal and traditional games, such as peekaboo

Term
parenting styles
Definition
authoritarian parents, permissive parents, authoritative parents, uninvolved parents
Term
Erik Erikson-task of infancy
Definition
to learn whether or not other people, especially primary caregivers, regularly satisfy basic needs
Term
object permanence-sensorimotor stage
Definition

sensorimotor:according to Piaget, the stage from birth to 2 yrs during which a child has little competence in representing the environment by using images, language, or other symbols

object permanence: the awareness that objects and people continue to exist even if they are out of sight

 

Term
reversability-concrete operational stage
Definition
according to Piaget, the period from 7-12 yrs of age that is characterized by logical thought and a loss of egocentrism
Term
Erik Erikson-identity vs role confusion
Definition
a time in adolescence of major testing to determine one's unique qualities - in short their identity
Term
Erik Erikson-ego integrity vs despair
Definition
a period from late adulthood until death during which we review life's accomplishments and failures
Term
study of personality
Definition
the pattern of enduring characteristics that produce consistency and individuality in a given person
Term
psychodynamic theory - unconscious
Definition

approaches that assume that personality is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which people have little awareness and over which they have no control

the unconscious: part of personality that contains the memories, knowledge, beliefs, feelings, urges, drives, and instincts of which the individual is not aware

Term
id, ego, superego
Definition

id: the raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality whose sole purpose is to reduce tension created by primitive drives related to hunger, sex, aggresion, and irrational impulses

ego: the part of the personality that provides a better buffer between the id and the outside world

superego: according to Freud, the final personality structure to develop; it represents the rights and wrongs of society as handed down by a person's parents, teachers, and other important figures

Term
pleasure principle
Definition

oral: birth to 12-18 months

anal: 12-18 months to 3 yrs

phallic: 3 to 5-6 yrs

latency: 5-6 yrs to adolescence

genital: adolescence to adulthood

Term
oedipal conflict
Definition
a child's sexual interest in his or her opposite-sex parent, typically resolved through identification with the same-sex parent
Term
self-efficacy
Definition
belief in one's personal capabilities
Term
self actualization
Definition
a state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential, each in a unique way
Term
ego defense mechanism - most powerful
Definition
repression - unacceptable or unpleasant id impulses are pushed back into the unconscious
Term
ego defense mechanisms
Definition

repression: memories pushed back into unconscious

regression: behave as if at an earlier stage of development

displacement: unwanted feeling/thought redirected to weaker person

rationalization: self justifying explanations

denial

projection: send unwanted feelings to someone else

sublimation: divert unwanted impulses into socially approved thoughts

reaction formation: unconscious impulses are expressed as their opposite in consciousness

Term
big five personality theory
Definition
openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
Term
disengagement theory of aging
Definition
suggest that aging produces a gradual withdrawal from the world on physical, psychological, and social levels
Term
activity theory of aging
Definition
suggests that the elderly who are the most successful while aging are those who maintain the interests and activities they had during middle age
Term
psychoneuroimmunologist
Definition
study of the relationship among psychological factors, the immune system, and the brain
Term
cataclysmic events
Definition
strong stressors that occur suddenly and typically affect many people simultaneously
Term
personal stressors
Definition
major life events, such as the death of a family member, that have immediate negative consequences that generally fade with time
Term
PTSD
Definition
emotional numbing, sleep difficulties, interpersonal problems, alcohol and drug abuse, suicide
Term
background stressors
Definition
everyday annoyances, such as being stuck in traffic, that cause minor irritations and may have long term ill effects if they continue
Term
type A personality
Definition
a cluster of behaviors involving hostility, competitiveness, time urgency, and feeling driven
Term
type B personality
Definition
a cluster of behaviors characterized by a patient, cooperative, noncompetitive manner
Term
creative nonadherence
Definition
adjusting a treatment prescribed by a physician, relying on their own medical judgment and experience
Term
reactance
Definition
a disagreeable emotional and cognitive reaction that results from the restriction of one's freedom
Term
how to gain compliance from patients
Definition
honesty, keeping warm relationships with clients, provide clear instructions to patients regarding drug regimens
Term
happy people
Definition
high self esteem, firm sense of control, optimistic, like to be around other people
Term
happiness set-point
Definition
a marker that establishes the tone for one's life - their general level of happiness
Term
psychological disorders - behavioral
Definition
loks at the behavior itself as the problem
Term
psychological disorders - cognitive
Definition
suggests that people's thoughts and beliefs are a central component of abnormal behavior
Term
psychological disorders - humanistic
Definition
emphasizes the responsibility people have for their own behavior, even when such behavior is abnormal
Term
anxiety disorders
Definition
generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobic disorder, ocd, ptsd
Term
phobia
Definition
intense, irrational fears of specific objects or situations
Term
OCD
Definition
characterized by obsessions or compulsions
Term
somatoform disorders
Definition
psychological difficulties that take on a physical form, but for which there is no medical cause
Term
mood disorders
Definition
disturbance in emotional experience that is strong enough to intrude on everyday living
Term
major depression
Definition

women twice as likely to experience.

severe form of depression that interferes with concentration, decision making, and sociability

Term
schizophrenia
Definition
disorganized, paranoid, catatonic, undifferentiated, residual
Term
schizophrenia symptoms
Definition

disorganized: laughter silliness

paranoid: delusions, thinks they are being chased

catatonic: major disturbances in movement

undifferentiated: mixture

residual: following major episode

Term
delusion
Definition
firmly held, unshakable beliefs with no basis in reality
Term
personality disorders
Definition
characterized by a set of inflexible, maladaptive behavior patterns that keep a person from functioning appropriately in society
Term
antisocial personality disorder
Definition
individuals show no regard for the moral and ethical rules of society or the rights of others
Term
2 main categories of therapy
Definition
psychological and biomedical
Term
psychodynamic approach to treatment
Definition
seeks to bring unresolved past conflict and unacceptable impulses from the unconscious into the conscious, where patients may deal with the problems more effectively
Term
free association
Definition
technique: tells patients to say aloud whatever comes to mind, regardless of its apparent irrelevance or senselessness, and analysts try to recognize and label the connections between what the patient says and their unconscious
Term
transference
Definition
transfer of feelings to a psychoanalyst of love or anger that had been originally directed to a patient's parents or other authority figures
Term
systematic desensitation
Definition
technique in which gradual exposure to an anxiety producing stimulus is paired with relaxation to extinguish the response of anxiety
Term
token system
Definition
rewarding for desired behavior with a token and can later be used to purchase items or activities
Term
contingency contracting
Definition
between therapist and patient, draw up written agreement with a series of behavioral goals for the client. also has rewards and punishments
Term
observational learning
Definition
behavior of other people is modeled to teach people new skills and ways of handling their fears and anxieties
Term
cognitive therapy
Definition
teach people to think in more adaptive ways by changing their dysfunctional cognitions about the world and themselves
Term
rational emotive therapy
Definition
attempts to restructure a person's belief system into a more realistic, rational, and logical set of views by challenging dysfunctional beliefs that maintain irrational behavior
Term
person-centered therapy
Definition
goal is to reach one's potential for self-actualization
Term

person-centered therapy

importance of empathy

Definition
in hopes to create an atmosphere that enables clients to come to decisions that can improve their lives. to show patient an understanding of a client's emotional experiences
Term
group therapy
Definition
people meet in a group with a therapist to discuss problems
Term
prozac
Definition

antidepressant

improve a severely depressed patient's mood and well being

Term
halo effect
Definition
an initial understanding that a person has positive traits is used to infer other uniformly positive characteristics
Term
self serving bias
Definition
tendency to attribute personal success to personal factors and to attribute failure to factors outside oneself
Term
fundamental attribution error
Definition
a tendency to overattribute others' behavior to dispositional causes and the corresponding minimization of the importance of situational causes
Term
Asch experiment
Definition
the experiment with the different sized lines to show conformity
Term
groupthink
Definition
type of thinking in which group members share such a strong motivation to achieve consensus that they lose the ability to critically evaluate alternative points of view
Term
compliance strategies
Definition
foot in the door, door in the face, thats not all, not so free
Term
norm of reciprocity
Definition
the well accepted societal standard saying that we should treat other people as they treat us
Term
industrial organizational psychology
Definition
focusing on work and job related issues, including worker motivation, satisfaction, safety, and productivity
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