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Psychology Exam 1
First Psychology Exam [Prologue, Chapter 1-3, Chapter 6A]
122
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
02/22/2012

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Term
variable
Definition
any event that can change or take on different values
Term
3 things we can do to variables
Definition
manipulate them
control or select for them
measure them
Term
independent variables
Definition
things we believe influence or directly cause some sort of change in behavior
Term
true independent variable
Definition
we manipulate, assign a certain value to this type of variable
Term
quasi independent variable
Definition
we control or select for them
ex: Shyness, number of siblings
Term
dependent variables
Definition
variables that we measure; it is how we asses behavior- we can asses the impact of the independent variable through the independent variable
Term
descriptive scientific method
Definition
case studies, case histories, surveys, naturalistic observation
Term
predictive
Definition
type of study that examines correlations
Term
explanatory
Definition
type of study that involves true and quasi experiments
Term
retrospective bias
Definition
you try to emphasize things that explain behavior and gloss over things that don't
Term
Predictive methods of study
Definition
method of study in which we try to predict behavior before it happens
Term
correlations
Definition
a predictive method in which two dependent variables are examined to see their relationship
Term
positive correlative relationship
Definition
as 1 variable increases, the other increases
Term
negative correlative relationship
Definition
as 1 variable increases the other decreases
Term
r
Definition
symbol for correlation
varies from -1.0 to 1.0
the closer the absolute value of r is to 1.0 the stronger the correlation
Term
reactance
Definition
phenomenon in which people act differently when they know they are being observed
Term
third variable problem
Definition
this is a problem that occurs when dealing with correlation experiments, it involves the possibility that there may be a third variable that we are not studying, but influences the outcome
Term
True experiments
Definition
the only method that allows us to establish causality
3 steps
1. equate the groups
2. administer independent variables
3. evaluate the outcomes
Term
confound
Definition
a variable that you did not control that influences the outcome of the experiment
Term
subject bias
Definition
subjects participating in an experiment try to guess what is going on and respond accordingly
Term
experimenter bias
Definition
the bias of the experimenter influences the outcome of the experiment
Term
double blind experiment
Definition
neither experimenter or subjects know the others' condition
Term
peripheral system
Definition
the part of the nervous system that does not include the brain and spinal cord
Term
somatic peripheral system
Definition
controls voluntary skeletal muscles
Term
autonomic peripheral system
Definition
self-regulated action of internal organs and glands
Term
sympathetic autonomic system
Definition
controls when you are scared or aroused. this includes the flight or fight syndrome in which your heart races, adrenaline is released, etc.
Term
parasympathetic autonomic system
Definition
system that relaxes you and allows you to restore energy reserves
Term
the brain
Definition
main component of central nervous system
Term
gyrus
Definition
bump in brain
Term
sulcus
Definition
small crease in brain
Term
fissure
Definition
deep crease in brain
Term
frontal lobe of brain
Definition
controls planning
higher oder functioning
and motor control
Term
parietal lobe of brain
Definition
primary somatosensory cortex that controls body senses. This controls touch, hot, cold, pain and kinesthesis
Term
occipital lobe of brain
Definition
back, this is your primary visual cortex, this is why if you hit the back of your head you see lights
Term
temporal lobe of brain
Definition
primary auditory cortex- helps you to listen to and identify sounds
Term
neuron
Definition
the basic brain cell that has 4 basic features
dendrites, the cell body, the axon, and the terminal buttons
Term
dendrites
Definition
part of a neuron that receives information from other surrounding neurons
Term
cell body
Definition
part of a neuron the helps with maintenance of the neuron
Term
axon
Definition
part of the neuron that creates the length. it is a hollow tube filled with fluid that sends signals
Term
terminal buttons
Definition
parts of the neuron that communicate with the dendrites of other neurons. they transmit information
Term
2 functions of neurons
Definition
communicate information
and
process information
Term
process of axonal transmission
Definition
a neuron has a negative charge at rest
when it fires a huge electrical puls occurs, this is an action potential- a positive electrical charge that travels down the axon
Term
synaptic transmission
Definition
the chemical process that allows the exchange of information between neurons
Term
neurotransmitters are found here within the axon
Definition
they are found within the vesicles of the terminal buttons
Term
where neurotransmitters are released during synaptic transmission
Definition
these are released into the synaptic gap during synaptic transmission
Term
once neurotransmitters bind to dendrites they are removed by 1 of two processes
Definition
once neurotransmitters bind to ______ they are removed by
1. enzymes
2. reuptake in which neurotransmitters are used again
Term
most psychoactive drugs work here
Definition
they work at the synapse
Term
SSRI drug
Definition
selective seratonin reuptake inhibitor- allows seratonin to have a prolonged effect.
Term
brain plasticity
Definition
the property that allows one part of the brain to compensate for other damaged parts
Term
reticular formation
Definition
the part of the brain, located on top of the brainstem, that projects into different parts of the brain. This is involved in arousal, attention, and dreaming
Term
cerebellum
Definition
the part of the brain that is involved in fine motor control and simple learning and muscle tone
Term
central gray area
Definition
this is the aggression area of the brain which is very rich in endorphins
Term
purpose of endorphins
Definition
endorphins primary purpose is to block pain, this is especially useful in fight or flight syndrome which is why they are located in the central gray area, which controls aggression
Term
hypothalamus
Definition
the most highly developed structure in the brain that is critical for basic biological drives
feeding, fighting, fleeing and mating
Term
pituitary gland
Definition
releases hormones that control the menstrual period, growth, and much more
Term
broca's area
Definition
controls the production of speech
Term
broca's aphasia
Definition
disorder that affects brocas area of the brain and causes people to have extreme difficulty speaking
Term
wernike's area
Definition
another speech area. people who have wernickie's aphasia can speak but nothing they say makes sense
Term
Limbic system
Definition
involved in emotional control, aggression and memory
Term
hippocampus
Definition
part of the limbic system that creates new factual memories
Term
anterograde amnesia
Definition
inability to learn new information after brain damage
Term
retrograde amnesia
Definition
when you cannot remember information prior to brain damage
Term
krosakoff's syndrome
Definition
chronic alcoholics have this syndrome that causes anterograde amnesia
Term
amygdala
Definition
part of limbic system that is critical for processing emotions such as fear.
Term
basal ganglia
Definition
involved in motor control
dopamine is a huge part of this portion of the brain, it helps your movements to be smooth and fluid
Term
parkinson's
Definition
when you do not have enough dopamine in your basal ganglia
Term
association cortex
Definition
the part that humans have more of than any other species, this is involved in higher order thinking
Term
prosopagnosia
Definition
the inability to recognize faces, this is a result of association cortex damage
Term
corpus callosum
Definition
the large body of axons that interconnect the two hemispheres of the brain, in severe cases of epilepsy the corpus callosum is severed
Term
brain lateralization
Definition
each side of the brain is specialized for certain types of function
Term
the hemisphere in which language is lateralized
Definition
left hemisphere
Term
dreams
Definition
when the unconscious expresses itself in a highly distorted manner
Term
psychoanalytic approach to dreaming
Definition
freud theorized this, he said there were two parts of dreaming 1. manifest content- the actual dream and 2. latent content- the underlying motivation of the manifest contient
Term
mental housekeeping approach to dreaming
Definition
the approach to dreaming that states that you need to dream in order to consolidate memories
Term
problem focused approach to dreaming
Definition
when your dreams reflect what you are worried about, your problems and priorities
Term
activation-synthesis approach to dreaming
Definition
the idea that there is no purpose in dreaming and that your brainstem is randomly firing
Term
sleeping pill induced insomnia
Definition
sleeping pills suppress REM sleep. when on sleeping pills you will therefore, have a REM rebound and have extremely emotional dreams.
Term
narcolepsy
Definition
when you go through random bouts of sleep, often REM paralysis is still in effect when you wake
Term
apnea
Definition
you fall asleep and stop breathing so your brain wakes you up and you breathe, the process repeats hundreds of times per night
Term
CPAP
Definition
continuous positive air pressure, treatment for sleep apnea
Term
antagonist psychotic drugs
Definition
reduce actual neurotransmitters at synapse
Term
agonist psychotic drugs
Definition
amplify action of neurotransmitters at synapse
this occurs in three ways
a. additional release of neurotransmitters
b. mimmic neurotransmitters
c. block reuptake
Term
narcotics
Definition
reduce pain, includes opium, morphine, heroine, and opiates
Term
CNS depressants
Definition
reduce central nervous system activity
includes alcohol, barbituates, and tranquilizers.
Term
CNS stimulants
Definition
stimulate the brain and can lead to days without sleep,
includes caffeine, amphetamines, cocaine, and nicotine
Term
hallucinogens
Definition
alter perception of reality and increase awareness
these include LSD, weed , ecstasy and MDMA
Term
hypnosis
Definition
now used as a therapeutic tool in which you enter a dissociative state, marked by deep relaxation, heightened suggestibility, and a lack of reality testing or reality monitoring
Term
confabulation
Definition
when you make up things, especially things that are suggested to you, happens frequently in hypnosis
Term
sensation
Definition
meaningless output of a sense
Term
perception
Definition
processing the sensation and deriving meaning from it
Term
How does sensation and perception happen
Definition
1. a physical stimulus hits a sensory receptor
2. the sensory receptor transduces the stimulus into a psychological sensation
Term
stimulus for hearing
Definition
sound, soundwaves are measured in Hz (Frequency)
amplitude (Size of wave) is interpreted as loudness
frequency is interpreted as pitch
Term
stimulus for vision
Definition
light, wavelength is color and intensity is brightness
Term
cornea
Definition
clear spherical structure that is on outside of eye, helps with depth perception
Term
lens
Definition
elastic structure that changes to focus the image on the back of your eye
Term
presbyopia
Definition
occurs when your lens looses its elasticity
Term
retina
Definition
this is the only part of the brain that exists outside the skull, has rods and cones
Term
rods
Definition
part of retina that see low light conditions, not color
Term
cones
Definition
part of retina that see color and give us great visual acuity
Term
fovea
Definition
area of eye with highest acuity, very few lateral connections
Term
blindspot
Definition
axons are gathered and leave the eye here to go to the brain
Term
color vision
Definition
color vision only exists because our visual system interprets wavelength
Term
subtractive color mixture
Definition
occurs when you mix colors together, the absorbed light waves are subtracted from your vision and you only see the reflected light RBY
Term
additive color mixture
Definition
when lights with different wavelengths (colors) are mixed to produce a color RGB
Term
trichromatic theory of vision
Definition
the theory that states that we have 3 different kinds of cones, each tuned to different colors (blue, red, and green)
Term
opponent process theory of vision
Definition
the idea that we have three primary opponent pairs, when you see one member of the opponent pair you cannot see the other. this explains why negative color after images occur
Term
Internal behavior explanation
Definition
you attribute a person's actin to an internal issue
Term
external behavioral explanation
Definition
you attribute a person's action to a situation or circumstance
Term
behavior
Definition
has causes, order and is predictable
Term
Psychology
Definition
the scientific study of behavior and mental experience- everything we think, feel and do and all the factors that affect it
Term
objective psychology
Definition
without bias, we test all our beliefs, they have to be testable
Term
systematic psychology
Definition
thorough, tests all alternatives
Term
publicly observable psychology
Definition
must be repeatable
Term
precise
Definition
quatifiable
Term
psychology must be:
Definition
objective, systematic, publicly observable, and precise
Term
structuralist
Definition
Wilhelm Wundt- focused on the structure of conscious experience
Term
Biological perspective of psychology
Definition
basic biological or physiological reasons for explaining actions. this tries to correlate sections of the brain to certain behaviors and studies why the brain gives rise to certain behaviors
Term
psychodynamic perspective of psychology
Definition
actions are caused by powerful, irrational, animalistic drives. Freud believed that we can't explain what we do and why we do it- all of these animalistic desires are boiling under a thin veneer of restrictive societal rules
Term
behavioral approach to psychology
Definition
John watson- all animals will change their behavior to adapt to their environment. You are constantly learning how to be successful in your environment
Term
cognitive perspective of psychology
Definition
emphasizes the importance of the thought process and how we think about and interpret the world
Term
humanistic perspective of psychology
Definition
prominent in the 1960's- focuses on the individuality of people and the different ways that they perceive the world. An individual's behavior is governed by an individuals choices.
Term
social cultural perspective of psychology
Definition
influenced by culture and society in which we are raised. Every society has norms of "good behavior" and these are powerful influences on our behavior
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