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Psychology Chapters 1-3
Exam 1
106
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
10/04/2011

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Term
Aristotle
Definition
Empiricism; knowledge is acquired through one's experiences.
Term
Plato
Definition
Nativism; certain kinds of knowledge are innate or inborn.
Term
Descartes
Definition
Dualism; there is a divisible, mechanical body and an indivisible, immaterial mind -- they interact with one another through to pineal gland.
Term
Ernest Weber
Definition
Concept of perception; need a 5% increase or decrease to be able to tell a difference (i.e. weight).
Term
Gustav Fechner
Definition
Same concept of perception as Webner; used this for light and expanded the idea.
Term
Herman Von Helmholtz
Definition
Nerves.
Term
Wilhelm Wundt
Definition
Set up the first psychological lab; considered to be the "father" of psychology.
Term
Edward Titchener
Definition
Structuralism; analyzing the basic elements or structure of mental experiences through introspection -- the subjective observation of one's own thoughts.
Term
William James
Definition
Functionalism; mental states are constituted solely by their functional role, how they allow one to adapt to their environment.
Term
Phrenology
Definition
A now defied theory that specific mental abilities/characteristics are localized in specific parts of the brain, which could be felt from bumps on the head and such; developed by Franz Joseph Gall.
Term
Pierre Flourens
Definition
Surgically removed brain and argued against the phrenology concept.
Term
Paul Broca
Definition
Studied brain damaged people (left frontal lobe) to link localization and ability, further disproving the phrenology concept. (Broca = Speech)
Term
John B. Watson
Definition
Little Albert; Classical Conditioning
Term
B.F. Skinner
Definition
Skinner Box; Operant Conditioning (punishment and reward).
Term
Sigmund Freud
Definition
Leader of the psychoanalytic theory.
Term
Abraham Maslow
Definition
Hierarchy of needs
Term
Carl Rogers
Definition
19 propositions
Term
Neuroscience
Definition
Physiological mechanisms involved in behavior and cognition; studied in three ways: patient studies, lesion studies (taking out part of the brain), and neuroimaging.
Term
H.M.
Definition
Had part of his hippocampus taken out due to epilepsy; lost his long term memory.
Term
Karl Lashley
Definition
Did experiments involving mice and mazes after taking out part of their brains.
Term
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
Definition
Importance of amygdala, performed on monkeys; behavior sharply changed.
Term
Behaviorism
Definition
Study of behavior.
Term
Psychoanalyst Approach
Definition
Thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are a result of unconscious forces.
Term
Humanistic Approach
Definition
Humans are unique in their abilities for choice, growth, and psychological health.
Term
Cognitive Psychology
Definition
Humans are active participants in their environment.
Term
Evolutionary Psychology
Definition
How human behaviors have adapted.
Term
Biological Psychology
Definition
Neuroscience; how the central and nonplural nervous systems account for behavior.
Term
Sociocultural Approach
Definition
How your background and cultural experiences define behavior.
Term
Descriptive Study
Definition
Observational studies, case studies, surveys, etc.
Term
Naturalistic Observation
Definition
Involves observing behavior in the real world; two goals: avoid artificiality of the lab and describe variables and relationships between humans.
Term
Case Studies
Definition
Intense observation and recording of behavior of a single participant over an extended period of time; no guidelines for such studies, reports may vary, and frequently used in clinical settings.
Term
Experimenter Expectancies
Definition
Expectations that cause the experimenter to behave toward a patient in a manner that the expected response is more likely shown.
Term
Rosenthal Effect
Definition
Experimenters preconceived ideas; teachers expectations can affect students' performances.
Term
Randomization
Definition
Each participant has an equal chance of being put into any group.
Term
Elimination
Definition
Extraneous variables are completely removed from an experiment.
Term
Balancing
Definition
Achieves group equality by distributing extraneous variables.
Term
Demand Characteristics
Definition
Inadvertently leads participants to respond in a particular manner.
Term
Good Participant Effect
Definition
The tendency of participants to behave as they perceive the experimenter wants them to behave.
Term
Social Desirability
Definition
Answering the questions in a way as to make your answers like "most people."
Term
How to Control Participant Effects
Definition
1. Both the experimenter and participant are unaware of the treatment being administered. 2. Rewrite items so that a negative response represents agreement.
Term
Nuremburg Code
Definition
Participants must consent; procedures/risks must be clearly stated; risks should be avoided whenever possible; scientifically qualified personnel; participants can discontinue whenever they choose. Result of WWII.
Term
Tuskegee Syphilis Study
Definition
See how to cute syphilis; told patients they were "curing" them; continued study until all were dead; withheld proper treatment.
Term
Milgrim Obediance Study
Definition
Voltage; told to continue; most did.
Term
Stanford Prison Experiment
Definition
Environment created; prisoner/guard.
Term
Belmont Report
Definition
Respect for patients (informed consent, information, comprehension); beneficence (do not harm, assessment of risks/benefits); must be just (equal amount of risk to each participant).
Term
The Institutional Review Board (IRB)
Definition
Campus review panel for the use of participants; treats animals/humans according to ethical guidelines; composed of a cross-section of individuals.
Term
Researcher's Responsibility
Definition
(IRB) Be trained and follow ethical guidelines; report deviation or unexpected adverse effects; avoid fabrication, plagiarism, and falsification.
Term
Acetylcholine
Definition
Involved in a number of functions, i.e. motor control.
Term
Dopamine
Definition
Regulates motor behavior, motivation, pleasure & emotional arousement.
Term
Gluatmate
Definition
Major exitatory neurotransmitter (fight or flight).
Term
Gaba
Definition
Major inhibitory neurotransmitter
Term
Norapinephrine
Definition
Influences mood & arousal.
Term
Serotonin
Definition
Involved in the regulation of sleep, eating, and aggressiveness behavior.
Term
Endorphins
Definition
Act within the pain pathways and emotion centers of the brain.
Term
Hindbrain
Definition
Coordinates information coming into and out of the spinal cord and controls basic functions, such as breathing.
Term
Midbrain
Definition
Important for orientation and movement
Term
Forebrain
Definition
Highest level of brain, critical for complex cognition, emotional/sensory/motor functions.
Term
Thalamus
Definition
Central processor; relays and filters information from the senses and transmits to cerebral cortex.
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
Regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior. Part of the limbic system.
Term
Pituitary Gland
Definition
"master gland" that produces all hormones.
Term
Amygdala
Definition
Plays a central role in many emotional processes, particularly the formation of emotional memories.
Term
Corpus Collosum
Definition
Ties brain together; comprised of fibers.
Term
Hippocampus
Definition
Critical for the creation of new memories and integrating them into a network of knowledge so that they can be stored in different parts of the cerebral cortex.
Term
Cerebral Cortex
Definition
Made up of the four major lobes of the brain.
Term
Split Brain Studies
Definition
Used to aid those with epilepsy; patients go largely unaffected; proved that brains work separately, since they don't communicate; communication occurs outside of the brain.
Term
Brodmann Areas
Definition
Regions of the cerebral cortex definitely by histological (cellular) properties; discovered by Korbinian Brodmann.
Term
Cortical Regions
Definition
Somatosensory and Motor Corticles; regions separated by function.
Term
Cellular Neuroscience
Definition
Slices of the brain, taking pieces and observing (looking at cells); electophysiology (put electrodes in brain).
Term
Systems Neuroscience
Definition
MRI (images in slices); FMRI (images of the active parts of brain); PET (see activity after radioactive dye); EEG (cap with sensors that allows brain waves to be recorded).
Term
Delta Wave
Definition
Sleep
Term
Theta Wave
Definition
Idling; memory.
Term
Alpha
Definition
Eyes closed; inhibition.
Term
Beta
Definition
Alert; concentrated.
Term
Gamma
Definition
Cross model processing.
Term
Mu
Definition
Motor activity
Term
P100
Definition
Early visual attention
Term
N(100)
Definition
auditory processing
Term
N170
Definition
face processing
Term
P2
Definition
Sensory/memory processing
Term
P3
Definition
Decision making.
Term
Deep Brain Stimulation
Definition
Invasive; inserts into brain; treats parkinsons.
Term
tDCS
Definition
Wet sponges, electric currents.
Term
Twin Studies
Definition
Examine indentical/fraternal twins; compare similaries/differences.
Term
Adoption Studies
Definition
Compare adopted children's abilities and traits to those of adoptive parents and biological parents.
Term
Genome-Wide Association Studies
Definition
Obtain DNA from patient and control.
Term
Webers Law
Definition
The Just Noticeable Difference is a constant proportion (i.e. weight must increase/decrease at least 2%).
Term
Absolute Threshold
Definition
Marks difference between not being able to perceive a stimulus and being able to.
Term
Vision
Definition
You are seeing light.
Term
Retina
Definition
Light sensitive receptor cells located at the back of the retina; FOVEA: contains only cones; involved in clear, sharp vision.
Term
The Visual Brain
Definition
Streams of action potentials containing information encoded by the retina travel to the brain for further processing.
Term
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
Definition
Of the thalamus then to primary visual cortex.
Term
Tectopulvinar Pathaway
Definition
Superior colliculus to the lateral prosterior pulvinar.
Term
Recognition by Components Theory
Definition
Shapes coming together to form things.
Term
Agnosia
Definition
inability to recognize faces or objects, etc.
Term
Neglect
Definition
ignore one set of space
Term
Blindsight
Definition
can respond to visual things while unaware of them
Term
Audition (Hearing)
Definition
Amplitude is measured in decibels; exposure to over 130 decibels can result in hearing damage.
Term
The Outer Ear
Definition
sound waves enter the pinna, the visible part of the eat, and travel the auditory canal, which causes ossicles to vibrate
Term
The Middle Ear
Definition
Ossicles amplify the sound waves in the middle ear, causing the oval window to vibrate.
Term
The Inner Ear
Definition
the oval window initiates activity in the inner ear, sets cochles fluid in motion; fluid pushes and pulls hair cells attached to the basilar membrane
Term
The Basilar Membrane
Definition
transduces vibrations into neural impulses; auditory nerve carries impulses to the brain.
Term
Vestibular System
Definition
the three-fluid semi-circular canals and adjacent organs located next to the cochlea in each inner ear used to maintain balance.
Term
Papillae
Definition
small bumps on the tongue
Term
Touch
Definition
merkel disks, meissner corpussels, ruffini endings, and pacinian corpussels.
Term
Capgras Delusion
Definition
Thinking mother in an imposter.
Term
Prosopagnosia
Definition
face blindness
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