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psychology chapter 16
Myers 9th Edition Psychology Chapter 16 Vocab
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Psychology
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04/03/2017

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Term
social psychology
Definition
the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
Term
attribution theory
Definition
the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition
Term
fundamental attribution error
Definition
the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
Term
attitude
Definition
feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
Term
central route to persuasion
Definition
occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts
Term
peripheral route to persuasion
Definition
occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness
Term
foot in the door phenomenon
Definition
the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
Term
role
Definition
a set of explanations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
Term
cognitive dissonance theory
Definition
the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes
Term
conformity
Definition
adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
Term
normative social influence
Definition
influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
Term
informational social influence
Definition
influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality
Term
social facilitation
Definition
stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
Term
social loafing
Definition
the tendency for people in a group to exert less effor when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
Term
deindividuation
Definition
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
Term
group polarization
Definition
the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group
Term
groupthink
Definition
the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
Term
prejudice
Definition
an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action
Term
stereotype
Definition
a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people
Term
discrimination
Definition
unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
Term
ingroup
Definition
"Us" - people with whom share a common identity
Term
outgroup
Definition
"Them" - those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup
Term
ingroup bias
Definition
the tendency to favor our own group
Term
scapegoat theory
Definition
the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
Term
other-race effect
Definition
the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias
Term
just-world phenomenon
Definition
the tendency for people to believe that world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
Term
aggression
Definition
any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
Term
frustration-aggression principle
Definition
the principle that frustration - the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal - creates anger, which can generate aggression
Term
mere exposure effect
Definition
the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
Term
passionate love
Definition
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
Term
companionate love
Definition
the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
Term
equity
Definition
a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it
Term
self-disclosure
Definition
revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
Term
alturism
Definition
unselfish regard for the welfare of others
Term
bystander effect
Definition
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
Term
social exchange theory
Definition
the theoroy that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
Term
reciprocity norm
Definition
an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them
Term
social-responsibility norm
Definition
an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them
Term
conflict
Definition
a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
Term
social trap
Definition
a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
Term
mirror-image perceptions
Definition
mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive
Term
GRIT
Definition
Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction - a strategy designed to decrease international tensions
Term
superordinate goals
Definition
Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.
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