Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Psychology Chapter 14
From Review Document
95
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
04/04/2011

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Traits
Definition
relatively enduring predispositions that influence our behaviour across many situations
Term
Nomothetic approach
Definition
approach to personality that focuses on identifying general laws that govern behaviour of all individuals
Term
Idiographic approach
Definition
approach to personality that focuses on identifying the unique configuration of characteristics and life history experiences within a person
Term
Genetic factors
Definition
our personalities are linked to our biological parents’ make up 
Term
Shared environmental factors
Definition

experiences that make individuals within the same family more alike

Term
Non-shared environmental factors
Definition
experiences that make individuals within the same family less alike (giving one child more affection)
Term
Molecular genetic studies
Definition
investigations that allow researchers to pinpoint genes associated with specific personality traits
Term
What do genes code for?
Definition
proteins, not particular behaviours or attitudes
Term
Somatogenic
Definition
mental disorders that are physiologically caused
Term
Catharsis 
Definition
feeling of relief following dramatic outpouring of emotion
Term
Psychogenic
Definition
psychologically caused mental disorders
Term
Psychic determinism
Definition
the assumption that all psychological events have a cause 
Term
Symbolic meaning
Definition
everything is symbolic of something else, all are attributable to preceding mental causes 
Term
Unconscious motivation
Definition
submerged psyche (submerged like the underwater part of the iceberg)
Term
The id
Definition
reservoir of our most primitive impulses including sex and aggression. It is entirely unconscious
Term
What does the id strive for?
Definition

·      The id strives for the pleasure principle – tendency of the id to strive for immediate gratification 

Term
The ego
Definition
as the psyche’s principal decision maker, it caters to the id’s demands by interacting with the real world to find ways to resolve the competing demands of the id and the superego 
Term
What governs the ego?
Definition
the reality principle – tendency of the ego to postpone gratification until it can find and appropriate outlet 
Term
The superego
Definition

our sense of morality. Like a  judgmental parent looking down upon the ego

Term
Conscious
Definition
contact with outside world
Term
Preconscious
Definition
material just beneath the surface of awareness
Term
unconscious
Definition
difficult to retrieve material well below the surface of awareness
Term
wish fulfillments
Definition
dreams are wish fulfillments, they are expressions of the id's impulses according to Freud
Term
Day residue
Definition
accumulation of events we experienced on the day of the dream
Term
Defence mechanisms
Definition
unconscious maneuvers intended to minimize anxiety
Term
repression
Definition

– motivated forgetting of emotionally threatening memories or impulses, triggered by anxiety

Term
Childhood amnesia
Definition
inability to remember childhood prior to about age 3 and a half
Term
Denial
Definition

motivated forgetting of distressing external experiences, most often observed in people with psychotic disorders 

Term
Regression
Definition
the act of returning psychologically to a younger, and typically simpler, safer age 
Term
Reaction-formation
Definition
transformation of an anxiety-provoking emotion into its opposite, homophobia example 
Term
Projection
Definition

unconscious attribution of our negative characteristics to others (ex. People who are paranoid want to hurt others, so they perceive others as wanting to harm them)

Term
Displacement
Definition
directing an impulse from a socially unacceptable target onto a safer and more socially acceptable target  (ex. Punching bag rather than someone’s face)
Term
Rationalization
Definition
providing a reasonable sounding explanation for unreasonable behaviours or failures 
Term
Intellectualization
Definition

avoiding emotions associated with anxiety-provoking experiences by focusing on abstract and impersonal thoughts (ex. When dealing with divorce, may figure out the statistics of how many marriages fail, instead of focusing on emotions)

Term
Sublimation
Definition
transforming a socially unacceptable impulse into an admired goal (kid sets fires, grows up to be a firefighter)
Term
Erogenous zone
Definition

sexually arousing zone of the body

Term
What are the 5 stages of psychosexual development?
Definition

Oral

Anal

Phallic

Latency

Genital

Term
Oral Stage
Definition

psychosexual stage that focuses on the mouth, birth until 12 or 18 months, sucking, drinking or crying

Term
Anal stage
Definition

psychosexual stage that focuses on toilet training, 18 months to 3 years

Term
Phallic stage
Definition

psychosexual stage that focuses on the genitals, age 3 to 6 

Term
Oedipus complex (from phallic stage)
Definition
conflict during phallic stage in which boys supposedly love their mothers romantically and want to eliminate their fathers as rivals
Term
Electra Complex (from phallic stage)
Definition

·      conflict during phallic stage in which girls supposedly love their fathers romantically and want to eliminate their mothers as rivals

 

Term
Penis envy (from phallic stage)
Definition
supposed desire of girls to posses a penis 
Term
Latency Stage
Definition
psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses are submerged into the unconscious, 6 years to 12 years
Term
Genital stage
Definition

psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses awaken and typically begin to mature into romantic attraction toward others  

Term
Neo-Freudian theories
Definition
theories derived from Freud’s model, but that placed less emphasis on sexuality as a driving force in personality and were more optimistic regarding the prospects for long-term personality growth
Term
What did Alfred Adler believe in ?
Definition
Striving for superiority
Term
Style of life
Definition

according to Adler, each person’s distinctive way of achieving superiority 

Term
Inferiority complex
Definition

feelings of low self-esteem that can lead to overcompensation for such feelings 

Term
Collective unconscious
Definition
according to Carl Jung, our shared storehouse of memories that ancestors have passed down to us across generations
Term
Archetypes
Definition
cross-culturally universal emotional symbols 
Term
What type of theorists were Adler and Jung?
Definition
Neo-freudian
Term
Karen Horney
Definition
reviewed aspect’s of Freud’s theories that she found to be gender biased (Feminist psychology) 
Term
Erich Fromm
Definition

escaping from freedom

technology has rendered us more independent from others 

Term
Object relations theorists
Definition
 followers of Freud who emphasized children’s mental representations of others
Term
Transitional objects
Definition
objects like blankets and stuffed animals that children use to comfort themselves emotionally when they loosen their ties to their caregivers 
Term

Behavioural views of the causes of personality view personality as under the control of : (2 things) 

Definition

-       genetic factors

-       contingencies in the environment  (reinforcers and punishers)

Term
Behavioural views of personality see free will as __ ____.
Definition
an illusion
Term
Social Learning theorists
Definition
theorists who emphasized thinking as a cause of personality 
Term
Locus of control
Definition

extent to which people believe that reinforcers and punishers lie inside or outside their control

Term
People with an internal locus of control believe that...
Definition
life events are due largely to their own efforts and personal characteristics
Term
People with an external locus of control believe that... 
Definition
life events are due largely to chance and fate
Term
People with an ____ locus of control are more prone to emotional upset following life stressors
Definition
external
Term
Humanistic models of personality
Definition

Suggest that motive in personality is self-actualization – drive to develop our innate potential to the fullest possible extent

Term
Name a well known humanistic psychologist and what he or she believed
Definition
Carl Rogers - believed our personalities consist of 3 major components: organism, the self, and conditions of worth
Term
the organism
Definition
our innate genetic blueprint, like the id except its positive and helpful towards tohers
Term
The self
Definition

our self concept, the set of beliefs about who we are

Term
Conditions of worth
Definition
according to Rogers, expectations we place on ourselves for appropriate and inappropriate behaviour 
Term
Peak experiences
Definition
transcendent moments of intense excitement and tranquility marked by a profound sense of connection to the world 
Term
Trait theorists use factor analysis: 
Definition

statistical technique that analyzes the correlations among responses on personality inventories and other measures

 

Term
The big five. Define and name them. 
Definition

five traits that have surfaced repeatedly in factor analyses of personality measures

Extraversion
Neuroticism
Conscientiousness
Agreeableness
Openness to experience 

Term
Extraversion
Definition
extraverted people tend to be social and lively
Term
Neuroticism
Definition

neurotic people tend to be tense and moody

Term
Conscientiousness
Definition
conscientious people tend to be careful and responsible 
Term
Agreeableness
Definition

agreeable people tend to be friendly and easy to get along with

Term
Openness to experience
Definition
open people tend to be intellectually curious and unconventional 
Term
What mnemonics can be used to remember the big five!
Definition
OCEAN or CANOE
Term
Physiognomy
Definition
claimed to detect people's personality traits from their facial characteristics
Term
Mesomorphs
Definition
highly muscular people, thought to be assertive and bold 
Term
Ectomorphs
Definition
lean and skinny people, thought to be introverted and intellectual 
Term
Structured personality tests
Definition
paper-and-pencil tests consisting of questions that respondents answer in one of a few fixed ways
Term
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality inventory (MMPI)
Definition

widely used structured test designed to assess symptoms of mental disorders

Term
Empirical (or data-based) method of test construction
Definition

approach to building tests in which researchers begin with two or more criterion groups, and examine which items best distinguish them 

Term
Face validity
Definition

extent to which respondents can tell what the items are measuring

 

 

Term
Response sets (from face validity)
Definition
tendencies to distort responses
Term
Impression management (from face validity)
Definition

– making ourselves look better than we really are

Term
Malingering (from face validity)
Definition

making ourselves appear psychologically disturbed 

Term
Rational/theoretical method of test construction
Definition
 approach to building tests that requires test developers to begin with a clear-cut conceptualization of a trait and then write items to assess that conceptualization 
Term
Projective tests
Definition
tests consisting of ambiguous stimuli that examinees must interpret or make sense of 
Term
Projective hypothesis
Definition
hypothesis that in the process of interpreting ambiguous stimuli, examinees project aspects of their personality onto the stimulus
Term
Rorschach Inkblot Test
Definition
projective test consisting of ten symmetrical inkblots
Term
Incremental validity
Definition

extent to which a test contributes information beyond other, more easily collected, measures 

Term
Thematic apperception test (TAT)
Definition
projective test requiring examinees to tell a story in response to ambiguous pictures
Term
Graphology
Definition
psychological interpretation of handwriting
Term
P.T. Barnum effect
Definition
tendency of people to accept high base rate descriptions as accurate 
Supporting users have an ad free experience!