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Psychology 7
Chapter 7
56
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
03/06/2011

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Term
Memory
Definition
Retention of information over time
Term
Memory Illusion
Definition
False but subjectively compelling memory 
Term
Sensory Memory
Definition
Brief storage of perceptual information before it is passed to short-term memory
Term
Iconic Memory
Definition
Visual sensory memory
Term
Echoic Memory
Definition
Auditory sensory memory
Term
Short-term memory
Definition
Memory system that retains information for limited durations
Term
Decay
Definition
Fading of information from memory over time
Term
Interference
Definition
Loss of information from memory because of competition from additional incoming information
Term
Retroactive Interference
Definition
Interference with retention of old information due to acquisition of new information
Term
Proactive Interference
Definition
Interference with acquisition of new information due to previous learning of information
Term
Magic Number
Definition
The span of short-term memory, according to George Miller: seven plus or minus two pieces of information
Term
Chunking
Definition
Organizing information into meaningful groupings, allowing us to extend the span of short-term memory
Term
Rehearsal
Definition
Repeating information to extend the duration of retention in short-term memory
Term
Maintenance Rehearsal
Definition
Repeating stimuli in their original form to retain them in short-term memory
Term
Elaborative Rehearsal
Definition
Linking stimuli to each other in a meaningful way to improve retention of information in short-term memory
Term
Levels of Processing
Definition
Depth of transforming information, which influences how easily we remember it
Term
Long-Term Memory
Definition
Relatively enduring (from minutes to years) retention of information stored regarding our facts, experiences, and skills
Term
Permastore 
Definition
Type of long-term memory that appears to be permanent
Term
Primacy Effect
Definition
Tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well
Term
Recency Effect
Definition
Tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well
Term
Serial Position Curve
Definition
Graph depicting both primacy and recency effects on people's ability to recall items on a list
Term
Semantic Memory
Definition
Our knowledge of facts about the world
Term
Episodic Memory
Definition
Recollection of events in our lives
Term
Explicit Memory
Definition
Memories we recall intentionally and of which we have concious awareness
Term
Implicit Memory
Definition
Memories we don't deliberately remember or reflect on consciously
Term
Procedural Memory
Definition
Memory for how to do things, including motor skills and habits
Term
Priming
Definition
Our ability to identify a stimulus more easily or more quickly after we've encountered similar stimuli
Term
Three Processes of Memory
Definition

Encoding

Storage

Retrieval

Term
Encoding
Definition
Process of getting information into our memory banks
Term
Mnemonic 
Definition
A learning aid, strategy, or device that enhances recall
Term
Pegword Method
Definition
Mnemonic that uses rhyming to remember
Term
Method of Loci
Definition
Relies on imagery of places, locations
Term
Keyword Method
Definition
Think of an English word that reminds you of the word or thing you're trying to remember
Term
Storage
Definition
Process of keeping information in memory
Term
Schema
Definition
Organized knowledge structure or mental model that we've stored in memory
Term
Retrieval
Definition
Reactivation or reconstruction of experiences from our memory stores
Term
Retrieval Cue
Definition
Hint that makes it easier for us to recall information
Term
Recall
Definition
Generating previously remembered information
Term
Recognition
Definition
Selecting previously remembered information from an array of options
Term
Relearning
Definition
Reacquiring knowledge that we'd previously learned but largely forgotten over time
Term
Distributed Versus Massed Practice
Definition
Studying information in small increments over time (distributed) versus in large increments over a brief amount of time (massed)
Term
Tip-of-the-tounge (TOT) Phenomenon
Definition
Experience of knowing that we know something but being unable to access it
Term
Encoding Specificity
Definition
Phenomenon of remembering something better when the conditions under which we retrieve information are similar to the conditions under which we encoded it
Term
Context-Dependent Learning
Definition
Superior retrieval of memories when the external context of the original memories matches the retrieval context
Term
State-Dependent Learning
Definition
Superior retrieval of memories when the organism is in the same physiological or psychological state as it was during encoding
Term
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
Definition
Gradual strengthening of the connections among neurons from repetitive stimulation
Term
Retrograde Amnesia
Definition
Loss of memories from our past
Term
Anterograde Amnesia 
Definition
Inability to encode new memories from our experiences
Term
Role of Amygdala
Definition
Where the emotional components of memories, especially those governing fear, are stored
Term
Meta-Memory
Definition
Knowledge about our own memory abilities and limitations
Term
Infantile Amnesia
Definition
Inabilit of adults to remember personal experiences that took place before an early age
Term
Flashbulb Memory
Definition
Emotional memory that is extraordinarily vivid and detailed
Term
Souce Monitoring Confusion
Definition
Lack of clarity about the origin of a memory
Term
Cryptomnesia
Definition
Failure to recognize that our ideas originated with someone else
Term
Suggestive Memory Technique
Definition
Procedure that encourages patients to recall memories that may or may not have taken place
Term
Misinformation Effect
Definition
Creation of fictitious memories by providing misleading information about an event after it takes place
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