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Psychology 6
Chapter 6
52
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
02/27/2011

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Ivan Pavlov
Definition
Discoverer of classical conditioning, well known as a fast walker
Term
John B. Watson
Definition
Founder of behaviorism
Term
B.F. Skiner
Definition
Founder of radical behaviorism
Term
Learning
Definition
Change in an orgamism's behavior or thought as a result of experience 
Term
Habituation
Definition
Process of responding less strongly over time to repeated stimuli 
Term
Classical (Pavlovian) Conditioning
Definition
Form of learing in which animals come to respond to a previously, neurtal stimulus thtat had been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic responser
Term
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Definition
Stimulus that elicits and automatic response
Term
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Definition
Automatic response to a nonneutral stimulus that does not need to be learned
Term
Conditioned Response (CR)
Definition
Response previously associated with a nonneutral stimulus that is elicited by a neutral stimulus through conditioning 
Term
Conditioned Response (CR)
Definition
Initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response due to association with an unconditioned stimulus
Term

Acquisition

 

Definition
Learning phase during which a conditioned response is established
Term
Extinction
Definition
Gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the conditioned response after the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus
Term
Spontaneous Recovery
Definition
Sudden reemergence of an extinct conditioned response after a delay in exposure to the conditioned stimulus
Term
Renewal Effect
Definition
Sudden reemergence of a conditioned response following extinction when an animal is returned to the environment in which the conditioned response was acquired
Term
Higher-order Conditioning
Definition
Developing a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus by virtue of its association with another conditioned stimulus 
Term
Latent Inhibition
Definition
Difficulty in establishing classical conditioning to a conditioned stimulus we've repeatedly experienced alone, that is, without the unconditioned stimulus 
Term
Fetishism
Definition
Sexual attraction to nonliving things
Term
Operant Conditioning
Definition
Learning controlled by the consequences of the organism's behavior
Term
Law of Effect
Definition
Principle asserting that if a stimulus followed by a behavior results in a reward, that stimulus is more likely to give rise to the behavior in the future
Term
Insight
Definition
Grasping the underlying nature of a problem
Term
Skinner box
Definition
Small animal chamber constructed by Skinner to allow sustained periods of conditioning to be administered and behaviors to be recorded unsupervised
Term
Reinforcement
Definition
Outcome or consequence of a behavior that strengthens the probability of the behavior 
Term
Positive Reinforcement
Definition
Presentation of a stimulus that strengthens the probibility of the behavior
Term
Negative Reinforcement
Definition
Removal of a stimulus that strengthens the probability of the behavior
Term
Discriminative Stimulus
Definition
Stimulus associated with the presence of reinforcement
Term
Acquisition
Definition
Learning phas during which a response is established
Term
Extinction
Definition
Gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the response after a stimulus is presented repeatedly
Term
Spontaneous Recovery
Definition
Sudden reemergence of an extinguished response after a delay
Term
Stimulus Generalization
Definition
Displaying response to stimuli simlar to but not identical to the original stimulus
Term
Stimulus Discrimination
Definition
Displaying a less pronounced response to stimuli that differ from the original stimulus
Term
Schedule of Reinforcement
Definition
Pattern of reinforcing a behavior
Term
Continuous Reinforcement
Definition
Reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs, resulting in faster learning but faster extinction that only occasional reinforcement
Term
Partial Reinforcement
Definition
Only occaisonal reinforcement of a behavior, resulting in slower extinction that if the behavior had been reinforced continually
Term
Fixed Ratio (FR) Schedule
Definition
Pattern in which we provide reinforcement following a regular number of responses
Term
Fixed Interval (FI) Schedule
Definition
Pattern in which we provide reinforcement for producing the response at least once following a specified time interval
Term
Variable Ratio (VR) Schedule
Definition
Pattern in which we provide reinforcement after a specific number of responses on average, with the number varying randomly
Term
Variable Interval (VI) Schedule
Definition
Patter in which we provide reinforcement for producing the response at least once during an average time interval, with the interval varying randomly
Term
Shaping by Successive Approximations
Definition
Conditioning a target behavior by progressively reinforcing behaviors that come closer and colser to the target
Term
Secondary Reinforcer
Definition
Neutral object that becomes associated with a primary reinforcer
Term
Primary Reinforcer
Definition
Item or outcome that naturally increases the target behavior
Term
Latent Learning
Definition
Learning that's not directly observable
Term
Cognitive map
Definition
Mental representation of how a phycial space is organized
Term
Observational learning
Definition
Learning by watching others
Term
Mirror Neuron
Definition
Cell in the prefrontal cortext that becomes activated by specific motions when an animal both performs and observes that action
Term
Preparedness
Definition
Evolutionary predisposition to learn some pairings of feared stimuli over others owing to their survival value
Term
Instinctive Drift
Definition
Tendency for animals to return to innate behaviors following repeated reinforcement
Term
Learning Style
Definition
An individual's preferred or optimal method of acquiring new information
Term
Classical Conditioning 3 Phases
Definition

Acquisition

Extinction

Spontaneous Recovery

Term
Generalization Gradient
Definition
The more similar to the original CS the new CS is, the stronger the CR will be
Term
Cumulative Record
Definition
Graph of the animal's activity in the Skinner Box
Term
Correlational, longitudinal, and fields studies are... (strong and weak in)
Definition

Strong in external validity (generalizability to the real world)

Weak in internal validity (extent to which they permit cause-and-effect inferences)

Term

Discovery Learning

 

Definition
Giving students experimental materials and asking them to figure out the scientific principles on their own
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