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Psychology 5
Chapter 5
45
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
02/24/2011

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Term
Sleep Paralysis
Definition
State of being unable to move just after falling asleep or right before waking up
Term
Consciousness
Definition
Our subjective experience of the world, our bodies, and our mental perspectives 
Term
Circadian Rhythm
Definition
Cyclical changes that occur on a roghly 24-hour basis in many biological processes
Term
Biological Clock
Definition
Term for suprachiasmatic nucleu (SCN) in the hypothalamus that's responsible for controlling our levels of alertness
Term
Stage 1 of Sleep
Definition
Theta Waves
Term
Hypnagogic Imagery
Definition
Scrambled, bizarre, and dreamlike images that flit in and out of conciousness (sleep stage 1)
Term
Stage Sleep 2
Definition

Sleep Spindles

K-complexes on occasion (sharply rising and falling waves)

Term
Stages 3 & 4
Definition
Delta waves
Term
REM Sleep (Stage 5)
Definition
Stage of sleep during whcih the brain is most active and during which vivid dreaming most often occurs
Term
Lucid Dreaming
Definition
Experience of becoming aware that one is dreaming
Term
Insomnia
Definition
Difficulty falling and staying asleep
Term
Narcolepsy
Definition
Disorder characterized by the rapid and often unexpected onset of sleep
Term
Cataplexy
Definition
Complete loss of muscle tone (experienced by narcoleptic)
Term
Orexin
Definition
Hormone that plays a key role in triggering sudden attacks of sleepiness
Term
Sleep Apnea
Definition
Disorder caused by a blockage of the airway during sleep, resulting in daytime fatigue
Term
Night Terrors
Definition
Sudden waking episodes characterized by screaming, perspiring, and confusion followed by a return to a deep sleep
Term
Sleepwalking
Definition
Walking while fully asleep
Term
Activation-Synthesis Theory
Definition
Theory that dreams reflect inputs from brain activation originating in the pons which the forebrain then attempts to weave into a story
Term
Forebrain and dreaming
Definition
Damage to the forebrain can eliminate dreams entirely
Term
Neurcognitive Theory
Definition
Theory that dreams are a meaningful product of our cognitive capacities, which shape what we dream about
Term
Scientists agree that... (2)
Definition

Acetylcholine turns on REM sleep 

The forebrain plays an important role in dreams

Term
Hallucinations
Definition
Realistic perceptual experiences in the absence of any external stimuli (brought about by oxygen/sensory deprivation)
Term
Out-of-body Experience (OBE)
Definition
Sense of our conciousness leaving our body
Term
Near-death Experiences (NDE)
Definition
Out-of-body experience reported by people who've nearly died or thought they were going to die
Term
Deja Vu
Definition
Feeling of reliving an experience that's new
Term
Mystical Experiences 
Definition
Feelings of unity or oneness with the world, often wit hstorng spiritual overtones
Term
Hypnosis
Definition
Set of techniques that provides people with suggestions for alterations in their perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors 
Term
Past life regression therapy
Definition
Therapeutic approach that hypnotizes and supposedly age-regresses patients to a previous life to identify the source of a present day problem
Term
Sociocognitive Theory
Definition
Approach to explaining hypnosis based on people's attitiudes, beliefs, and expectations
Term
Dissociation Theory 
Definition
Approach to explaining hypnosis based on a separation between personality functions that are normally well integrated 
Term
Psychoactive Drugs
Definition
Substance that contains chemicals similar to those found naturally in our brains that alter conciousness by changing chemical processes in neurons 
Term
Tolerance
Definition
Reduction in the effect of a drug as a result of repeated use, requiring users to consume greater quantitites to achieve the same effect
Term
Withdrawal 
Definition
Unpleasant effects of reducing or stopping consumption of a drug that users had consumed habitually 
Term
Physical dependence 
Definition
Dependence on a drug that occurs when people continue to take it to avoid withdrawal symptoms
Term
Psychological Dependence
Definition
Dependence on a drug that occurs when continued use of the drug is motivated by intense cravings 
Term
Sedative
Definition
Drug that exerts a calming effect
Term
Hypnotic
Definition
Drug that exerts a sleeping-induced effect
Term
Stimulant
Definition
Drug that increases activity in the central nervous system, including heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure
Term
Narcotics
Definition
Drug that relieves pain and induces sleep
Term
Hallucinogenic
Definition
Causing dramatic alterations of perception, mood, and thought
Term
Depressants
Definition

Alcohol

Decreased activity of the central nervous system (initial high followed by sleepiness)

Term
Stimulants
Definition

Tobacco, Cocaine, Amphetamines, Methamphetamine

Increased activity of the central nervous system (sense of alertness)

Term
Opiates
Definition

Heroin, Morphine, Codeine

Sense of euphoria, decreased pain

Term
Psychadelics
Definition

Marijuana, LSD, Ecstasy

Dramatically altered preception, mood, and thoughts

Term
Cocaine
Definition
Most powerful stimulant, used to be an ingredient in Coca-Cola
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