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Psychology 104
Midterm Flashcards
196
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
02/05/2008

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Term
Ontology
Definition
being
Term
Epistemology
Definition
knowing
Term
Animism
Definition
Belief that natural Phenomena are alive
Term
Plato
Definition
(427?-347?B.C.): Nativism
Beauty, truth, justice, thought exist a priori: The "Allegory
of the Cave"
Knowledge is Innate "The Meno"
Term
Aristotle
Definition
Environmentalism / observation
 Opposed rationalism: The only way to know the truth is
through systematic observation of the world
Term
St. Augustine of Hippo
Definition
(354-430A.D.): Body influences
the mind - and the mind influences the body (reciprocal interactionism)
Term
Descartes
Definition
(1596-1650): Dualism
– Rationalism
Term
John Locke
Definition
(1632-1704): Monism
– British Empiricism
Term
Phineas Gage
Definition
Led to the rise of monism (through his accident)
Term
Müller
Definition
(1801-1858): Specific nerve energies
Term
Flourens
Definition
(1774-1867): Experimental ablation
Term
Broca
Definition
(1824-1880): Localization of language
Term
Helmholtz
Definition
(1821-1894): Located mind within the brain
Term
William Wundt
Definition
(1832-1920)
– First psych lab at Leipzig in 1879
– Students went on to U Penn, Yale,
Columbia, Harvard, Cornell, & Stanford
Structuralism
Term
Edward Titchener
Definition
(1867-1927) Structuralist
Term
Structuralism
Definition
Focused on mental experiences
– Thought can be deconstructed into basic elements
– Structuralism is to psych is what the periodic table
is to chemistry
– Reliance on introspection
Term
William James
Definition
Functionalist
Focused on psychological adaptation
– Asked what mental processes were for
– Argued for experimental methods
– University of Chicago - Dewey, Mead, &
Angell
– Columbia - Cattell, & Thorndike
Term
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
Definition
Psychodynamics
Medical training
– Clinical approach
– Conscious / unconscious distinction
– Sexuality, dreams, repression
– Ideas based on client observation
Term
Ed Thorndike
Definition
Behaviourism
Studies of animal behaviour
– Rejection of structuralism
– Established "law of effect"
– Stimulus - response (Pavlov's dogs)
(1874-1949)
Term
Thomas Watson and B.F. Skinner
Definition
Behaviourism
Rejection of "mind"
– Behaviour is determined
Term
Wertheimer (1880-1943)
Definition
Gestalt Psychology:
Holistic approach
– "Sum is greater than it's parts"
– Focus on visual perception
– Principles of -
Totality
Psychophysical isomorphism
Term
Introspection
Definition
Study of the mind through self-reports
– Find the basic elements of thought
– Problems included
Lack of verification
Sketchy philosophical grounding
Term
Behaviourism
Definition
Refutation of mind
– Overly reliant on animal behaviour
Term
Wolfgang Kohler
Definition
Worked with Chimps in 1920s
Term
Edward Tolman
Definition
(1935,1938) is writing about:
“Intervening variables”
“Mental maps” in mice and men
Term
Clark Hull (1937)
Definition
“But what of consciousness?”
Term
Karl Lashley
Norbert Wiener
Claude Shannon
Warren McCulloch
Alan Turing
Definition
Memory and brain damage in rats
Applied math, robotic guns
Information as binary decisions
Neurons as binary mechanisms
Code breaking computers
Term
Biological Revolution
Definition
Rise in neurophysiology, robotics,& computers
Focus on human brains and how they work
Term
Physiological psychology
Definition
neural mechanisms behind
behaviour
Term
Cognitive neuroscience
Definition
neural mechanisms behind
emotions, thought, reasoning
Term
Comparative
Definition
behaviour of animals / animal-human dist.
Term
Behavioural genetics
Definition
role of genes on behaviour
Term
Clinical Psychology
Definition
Behavioural analysis: behaviour modification
 Personality: social and genetic components
 Neuropsychology: neural/physiological abnormality
Term
Cognitive Psychology
Definition
Memory
Perception
 Categorization
 Learning
 Language
 Thinking & Reasoning
Term
Social Psychology
Definition
Beliefs & attitudes
 Social influence: genes and culture
 Persuasion and conformity
 Aggression and attraction
Term
Developmental Psychology
Definition
Language acquisition
 Personality change and development
 Logical thinking and reasoning skills
 Making friends and forming relationships
 Intelligence and special educational needs
Term
The Research Process
Definition
Identifying a problem
 Designing a study
 Performing a study
 Examining the data
 Drawing conclusions and communicating the results
Term
Hypothesis
Definition
statement of what you predict should
happened in your experiment
Term
Theory
Definition
A set of statements designed to explain a set of
results (more encompassing than an single hypothesis)
Term
Sir Karl Popper
Definition
Scientific questions must be falsifiable
Term
Operational Definitions
Definition
Define specific observable events
or conditions that can be accurately measured by the
researcher
Term
Independent Variable
Definition
variable we manipulate to
determine any causal effect on the dependent variable
Term
Dependent Variable
Definition
variable we measure as an
outcome
Term
Confound
Definition
A lurking, or unknown, variable that is related to
both the IV and the DV
Term
Counterbalancing
Definition
Systematically ordering of conditions
 Making sure that all ordered sequences are equally
represented
Term
Reliability
Definition
Refers to the probability that if you conducted your
experiment again you would get the same results
Term
Sample
Definition
Subset of population used to represent the
population characteristics
Term
Population
Definition
The entire group of interest
Term
Placebo Effect
Definition
Subjects cured by inert substances
Term
Single Blind
Definition
Hide IV - for example hide the labels in Coke
vs. Pepsi taste test
Term
Double Blind
Definition
Hide the IV from both the subject and the
research assistant (RA)
Term
Explanatory Experiment
Definition
Allows us to make causal inferences because...
Confounding variables should be controlled
– Random assignment makes it unlikely results are due
to chance
– Counterbalancing distributes order effects equally
– IV is the only cause of changes in our DV
Term
Quasi-Experiment
Definition
When the IV is not manipulated by the
researcher
Term
Between Subjects Experiment
Definition
(aka independent samples): Two or
more groups of subjects, each experiences one condition
Term
Within Subjects Experiment
Definition
(aka repeat measures): Two or more
conditions experienced by all subjects
Term
Correlation
Definition
Measure of the linear relationship between two variables
Descriptive, NOT causal relationships
 No IV's and DV's but predictor and criterion variables
Term
Predictor
Definition
plotted on X-axis (abscissa)
Term
Criterion
Definition
plotted on the Y-axis (ordinal)
Term
Central Tendency
Definition
(mean, median, & mode)
Term
Variance
Definition
Variation around the central tendency
describes how broadly a set of data points are
dispersed about the mean
Term
Mode
Definition
Most frequent value in a distribution
Term
Median
Definition
Central value in a distribution counting inwards
Term
Mean
Definition
Sum of all values divided by n
Term
Gregor Mendel
Definition
(1822-1884): "Father of genetics"
Seminal work on artificial selection (of peas, then bees)
Term
Genotype
Definition
Describes an individual's genetic code
Term
Phenotype
Definition
Describes how that code is expressed as
 Physical characteristics
 Behaviour
Term
Tabula Rasa
Definition
The British Empiricist notion of mind, blank slate
Term
Sociobiology
Definition
the study of the genetic bases of social
behaviour
Closely related to evolutionary psychology
Term
Affiliation
Definition
positive interaction with other people
Term
Attachment
Definition
Strong tendency to seek the company of other people (Harlow 1959 - Monkey Love)
Term
Altruism
Definition
Behaviour that increases another’s welfare without
conscious regard for one’s self-interests
Term
Language
Definition
A system for combining meaningless elements such as
sounds or gestures into utterances that transmit meaning
Term
Chomsky
Definition
Language too complex to be learned peicemeal
(1957, 1980)
An innate module that allows children to
develop language when exposed to an adequate
sampling of conversation
Term
Ergo
Definition
Children are born with universal grammar or a
sensitivity to the core features common to all
languages
Term
Central Nervous System
Definition
Brain
Spinal cord
Term
Peripheral Nervous System
Definition
Cranial and spinal nerves
Term
Limbic System
Definition
Emotions,
low level behaviours, initial
memory processing
Term
Amygdala
Definition
Signaling
fight/flight responses, mating
Term
Hippocampus
Definition
Encoding
signals into long term
memory
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
Autonomic
system, heart rate, hunger,
thirst
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
(not part of limbic
system): Sensory perception
and autonomic motor control,
attention, language, music
Term
Lateralization
Definition
refers to hemispheric specialization
Term
Localization
Definition
refers to specialization within lobes or brain
regions
Term
Wernicke's Aphasia
Definition
Damage causing extreme difficulty understanding language
Term
Metastatic Carcinoma
Definition
Initial diagnoses often
as a result in
behavioural changes
Term
Laws of pragnanz
Definition
Perception as problem solving
• Principles of simplicity or "good figure"
• Accept the most stable visual form
-Assume elements of a scene are combined
Term
Gestalt: Law of Proximity
Definition
Objects close together in space or time are perceived as
belonging together
Term
Gestalt: Law of Similarity
Definition
Objects that look similar to one another are grouped
together
Term
Gestalt: Law of Continuity
Definition
We perceive smoothly flowing forms rather than disrupted
of discontinuous ones
Term
Gestalt: Law of Closure
Definition
We perceptually close up, or complete, objects that are not
completed by edges
Term
Gestalt: Law of Common Fate
Definition
Objects that move together are perceived as belonging
together
Term
CP: prototypes
Definition
Implicit memory for idealized patterns guides object
recognition
Term
CP: perceptual set
Definition
Predisposition to perceive one thing over another is called
Term
Schemas
Definition
conceptual frameworks for organising and interpreting
information
-Determines Perceptual Set
Term
Perceptual adaptation
Definition
We can adjust to radical perceptual
changes over time
Term
Bottom up processes
Definition
Data driven
Term
Top-down processes
Definition
Knowledge driven
Term
Dorsal Stream
Definition
Information from the primary visual cortex to
the association cortex in the parietal lobes
Term
The "where" stream
Definition
Perception
and location of movement
Term
Ventral stream
Definition
Information from the primary visual cortex
to the association cortex in the temporal lobes
Term
Monocular/Binocular Cues
Definition
Perception based on image from one eye/both
Term
Monocular Cues: Interposition
Definition
Object obscured by closer object(s)
Term
Monocular Cues: Size
Definition
All things being equal, larger objects are closer
Term
Monocular Cues: Linear perspective
Definition
All things being equal, smaller objects
further away are perceived as the same size when side-byside
Term
Monocular Cues: Texture Gradient
Definition
Texture of distant objects appears finer
Near objects have sharply defined textures, but appear
progressively smoother and fuzzier the further away they are
Term
Monocular Cues: Haze
Definition
Also increases fuzziness the further away things are
Term
Monocular Cues: Shading
Definition
Location of light source and the angle it reflects off
objects provides cues to how objects are arranged
Term
Monocular Cues: Motion Parallex
Definition
When you ride in a car the objects outside seem to be
moving in the opposite direction
• Objects seem to be moving at different speeds – those
closest to you appear to be move faster
• Objects very far away, such as the moon and the sun,
appear to move in the same direction as the viewer
Term
Binocular Cues: Convergence
Definition
Angle A is larger than Angle B, therefore apple A is perceived as being closer
Term
Binocular Cues: Stereopsis
Definition
Each eye has a slightly different perspective on
the same object
Each retina provides a slightly different image
Object being studied is at the centre of each retinal image,
but other peripheral objects are shifted slightly providing
depth cues
Term
Functional Dissociation
Definition
Refers to a modular system where:
• Different parts of the system (e.g., parts of the brain)
undertake and complete specific tasks (i.e., subroutines)
• The system creates sensations from combining the
results from different modules
Term
Function
Definition
what a system or sub-system does
Term
Dissociation
Definition
unassociated or independent
Term
Primary Visual Cortex: V1
Definition
V1 now known to be a very accurate map of spatial
information projected from the retina
These operations process spatial frequency,
orientation, motion, direction and speed
Term
Primary Visual Cortex: V2
Definition
V2 is functionally similar to V1 such as orientation, spatial
frequency, and colour, but also capable of distinguishing
figure from ground
Strong feedforward pathways to V2, V3, & V4
But also strong feedback pathways to V1
Term
Primary Visual Cortex: V3
Definition
V3 seems related to the inferior temporal
cortex (top down processes?)
Exact function is unclear, but possible
global motion across the visual field
Term
Primary Visual Cortex: V4
Definition
first area to show top down processing of
attention
Selective attention changes firing rates
Still tuned for orientation, spatial frequency, and color
But also intermediate complexity, like simple shapes (i.e,
not faces)
Term
Primary Visual Cortex: V5
Definition
largely tuned to the speed and direction of moving
visual stimuli
Seems to integrate local visual motion signals into the
global motion
Able to identify line ends and corners
Term
Hubel & Weisel (1971)
Definition
Investigated single cells recordings in the visual cortex of
cats

Reported three types of cells with different receptive fields
Simple Cells: Respond bars of light at a particular angle
Complex cells: Bars of light of a given orientation moving in
a specific direction
Hypercomplex Cells: Bars of light in a particular orientation,
moving in a specific direction, & of a specific length
Term
Balint’s syndrome
Definition
Impaired ability to track location of objects
Term
Visual agnosia
Definition
Impaired ability to recognize objects
Term
Prosopagnosia
Definition
Impaired ability to recognize particular faces
Term
Perceptual Constancy
Definition
Top down perception of objects is relatively unchanged
despite changes in the sensory input
• Shape
• Location
• Size
• Brightness
• Color
Term
Plasticity
Definition
Deficits to one sensory input can lead to
increased perceptual sensitivity of other senses
Blind musicians are more likely to demonstrate perfect
pitch (Hamilton, 2000)
Term
3 Uses of Memory
Definition
As a record (memory trace or engram)
• As a storage facility
• As a process
Term
Encoding
Definition
Create traces (i.e., contents) from experience
Term
Storage
Definition
Hold, organize, and modify contents
Term
Retrieval
Definition
Accesses current content
Term
Herman Ebbinghaus
Definition
First person to study memory systematically
Studied his own memory
Random lists of 2300 nonsense words
(Trigrams)
Term
Modal Model: Atkinson & Shiffrin (1971)
Definition
Based on the biology of sensory
receptors not the CNS
Not influenced by top-down
processes
Very short durations (e.g., 50ms
- 350ms)
Limited capacity
Maintained by
rehearsal
Info lost when
attention is switched
or over time
Digit span approx. 7
Term
STM
Definition
limited capacity single component store
Functions:
• Temporary storage dependent on rehearsal
• Transfer to LTM via rehearsal
Term
Working Memory (Baddeley and Hitch, 1974)
Definition
Multi-system short-term store:
• Central executive (control center) + two slave systems:
• Phonological loop (processes verbal/acoustic info)
• Visuo-spatial sketch pad (processes visual info)
Term
Phonological Similarity Effect
Definition
Similar sounding list
recalled worse than dissimilar sounding lists
Term
Word Length Effect
Definition
Word span decreases as number of syllables/word
increases
Recall depends of reading rate (related to # syllables)
Term
Naveh-Benjamin & Ayers (1986)
Definition
Cross-language effects for
English, Welsh, & Chinese speakers
The faster the words can be articulated, the longer the
memory span (not the # of items)
Term
Visuo-Spatial Scratchpad
Definition
Operations:
• Mental rotation
• Mental scanning
• Dynamic memory
Supports:
• Spatial problem-solving
• Prediction of dynamic consequences
Term
Electro Convulsive Therapy (ECT)
Definition
can disrupt
consolidation
• Used to treat depression (no nasty memories/cues)
Term
Maintenance
Definition
Keeps information "alive" in WM; rote
recycling; little effect on LTM (cf. Modal Model)
Term
Elaboration
Definition
Transfers information to LTM; actively
thinking about information and any existing
connections in LTM
Term
Procedural
Declarative
Definition
Knowing how
often (but not always):
• Action oriented (e.g., driving, operating machinery)
• Effortless
• Fast
• Unconscious / automatic

Knowing that:
Information based
• Can be effortless or effortful
• Conscious / open to examination
Term
Episodic Memory
Definition
Personally experienced events
• Temporal information is often encoded with the event
• Interference from similar episodes
• Retrieval also serves as input!
• Episodic memory is continually being updated
Term
Autobiographical Memory
Definition
Memories for the events in one's own life
A personal form of episodic memory:
• But may also involve interpretive knowledge
• Reconstruction - organization / integration of disparate
events
• Heavy reliance on scripts and schemas
Term
Semantic Memory
Definition
Language (lexical memory)
• General knowledge about the world
• Not always temporally dated
• Very well-organized (protected from interference)
• Not changed by retrieval (i.e., not continually updated)
• Fairly stable over time
Term
Implicit Memory
Definition
Acquisition of motor skills
• Conditioning
• Habituation
Term
Retrograde amnesia
Anterograde amnesia
Definition
-Loss of memories prior to an incident
-Inability to create new memories after an incident
Term
False Memories
Definition
Recollection or report for events that never occurred
May be vague, suggesting thresholds for acceptance
More likely when accompanied by visualization
Term
Consciousness
Definition
Links between attention and awareness
• The notion of self-awareness
• Consciousness as control (hypnotism)
• Altered states of consciousness
Term
Phenomenological consciousness
Definition
(the subjective
experience of consciousness)
Term
Access consciousness
Definition
(the experience of being
conscious of something, e.g., knowing)
Term
Baars (1988)
Definition
"Central processor" contains the contents of
consciousness
• Addresses access consciousness
• Consciousness as current thoughts
• Relies heavily on the concept Working Memory
• Consciousness as a theatre operated by a central
executive
Term
Inhibition of Return
Definition
the attentional system facilitates perception of
new objects and inhibits perception of objects already
recognized
Term
Multiple Draft Theory
Definition
Dennett (1991):
• Consciousness is not all-or-nothing
• Brain processes information in different modes and
at different times
• Phenomenological consciousness is the activation of
constantly updating drafts of sensory information
Term
Shannon's Theory of Consciousness
Definition
Shannon (1998):
• Phenomenological consciousness is functionally
advantageous
• Ability to distinguish animate from inanimate, alive from
dead (semantic memory)
• Self awareness and awareness of conscious thought
• Reflection of one's own mental states
Term
Hypnosis
Definition
State of being awake but also suggestible to influences
First practiced by Austrian philosopher and physician
Anton Mesmer (hence mesmerism)
Contemporary beliefs:
• Voluntary - Does not work on uncooperative people
• Does not give a person mental/physical abilities
• People will not perform unwilling acts
Hypnosis decreases activity
in pre-frontal cortex but not
the parietal cortex
Perception of pain may
decrease but sense of pain
remains the same
Term
Stage 1 Sleep (5 mins)
Definition
Alpha wave activity decreases (approx 50%)
We do not feel totally unconscious:
• Hallucinations
• False sensory experiences
• Feeling of falling or floating
Term
Stage 2 Sleep (20 mins)
Definition
Sleep spindles - rapid busts of electrical activity
Clearly asleep but sleep talking may occur at this or later
stages
Term
Stage 3 Sleep
Definition
Transition stage into slow wave sleep
Slow Delta waves begin to appear
Term
Stage 4 Sleep
Definition
Increase in Delta waves
Hard to waken
Still aware of stimuli around you (loud noises)
Term
Sleep Cycle
Definition
After Stage 4, you cycle back to Stage 3, then Stage 2,
then REM sleep
Cycle last 60-90 minutes
Term
Rapid eye movement (REM)
Definition
Muscles relaxed but body highly active
• Characterized by dreaming
• Length of REM sleep increases with cycles
Term
Circadian Rhythms
Definition
Rhythmic changes in:
• Body temperature
• Blood sugar level
• Heart rate
Associated with sleep/awake cycle
Actually 25 hour cycle in humans
Endogenous (internal causes)
Term
Motives
Motivation
Definition
-Needs, wants, and desires that move people to
behave in certain ways
-Goal oriented behaviour
Term
Biological Motive
Social Motive
Definition
Origins in bodily needs
• Feeding
• Reproduction
• Aggression

Originate from the environment
• Approval
• Status
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
Stable biological state appropriate to the
environmental conditions
Term
Regulatory Behaviour
Definition
Corrections made to gain
homeostasis
• System variable: The out of balance factor (e.g,
hunger)
• Set point: Optimum system value (e.g., full up)
• Detector: Monitors for homeostasis
• Correctional mechanism: Adjust the system
Term
The Drive-Reduction Hypothesis
Definition
Drive: Unpleasant feelings or states
Reduction: Behaviors that reduce that feeling
Term
Optimum Level Theory
Definition
Motivated behavior that restores arousal to an optimum
level
• Seek stimulation when under-aroused
• Reduce stimulation when over-aroused
Term
Short term energy store
Long term energy store
Definition
-Glycogen (starch from carbs) in
muscles and liver
-Triglycerides (fats) in adipose
tissue
Term
Lateral Hypothalamus
Ventromedial Hypothalamus
Definition
-Stimulates Eating
-Stops Eating
Term
Organizational Effect
Activational Effect
Definition
-Effect usually occurs prenatal to
produce alterations in the development of the organism
-The effect of a hormone on a
physiological system that has already developed
Term
Emotions
Definition
A subjective sensation experienced as a psychophysiological
arousal resulting from the interaction of
• Perception of environmental stimuli
• Neural & hormonal responses to perceptions
• A cognitive appraisal of the arousing situation
Term
Schacter - Singer Theory (1962)
Definition
A two-stage theory requiring the following:
• Physiological arousal
• An explanation for the arousal
Term
Subjective Well-Being
Objective Well-Being
Definition
-Self-perceived happiness or
satisfaction with life
-Physical and economic indicators to
evaluate people’s quality of life
Term
Relative Deprivation
Definition
Perception that one is worse off in comparison to others
Evidence: mildly depressed people reading about
severely depressed people feel better!
Term
Social Judgements
Definition
Role of Orbitofrontal Cortex
Term
Mental Disorder
Definition
Clinically significant detriment involving distress or
impairment of functioning
• Internal source
• Involuntary manifestation (Syndrome cannot be
understood as a deliberate)
Term
Psychodynamic Perspective on Mental Disorders
Definition
Mental disorders originate in intrapsychic conflict
produced by the id, ego, and superego
Term
Ego Defense Mechanisms
Definition
Repression: Anxiety-evoking thoughts are kept
unconscious
Denial: Person refuses to recognize reality
Projection: Person attributes their own unacceptable
impulses onto others

Reaction formation: Converting an unacceptable impulse
into an acceptable one
Sublimation: Converting an unacceptable impulse into a
socially acceptable activity
Rationalization: Person explains away their actions to
reduce anxiety
Term
Medical Model on Mental Disorders
Definition
Mental disorders are caused by specific
abnormalities of the brain and nervous system
Term
Cognitive Behavioural Perspective on Mental Disorders
Definition
Disorders are learned maladaptive behaviours that
can best be understood by focusing on environmental
factors
Term
Humanistic Perpective on Mental Disorders
Definition
Mental disorders arise when people perceive that they
must earn the positive regard of others
Term
Sociocultural Perspective on Mental Disorders
Definition
The cultures in which people live play a significant
role in the development of mental disorders
• Moreover, some mental disorders appear to exist only
in certain cultures
Term
Diathesis-Stress Model
Definition
Mental disorders develop when a
person possesses a predisposition for a disorder and faces
stressors that exceed his or her abilities to cope with them
Term
Eugenics
Definition
Increase the “fitness” by increasing births and
immigration by the “fit” and decreasing them by the “unfit.”

Methods: Segregation, sterilization, immigration
restrictions, marriage restriction laws, community education
Term
Categorical Approach
Definition
Characteristic of medical diagnostic systems
Assumptions:
• Behavior can be categorised as healthy or disordered
• Consists of non-overlapping types of disorder
• Each diagnostic group share the same features
Term
Dimensional Approach
Definition
Characteristic of personality assessment approaches
Assumptions:
• Behavior differs in attributes (e.g., aggressiveness)
• Attributes differ in strength
• People differ on continuum of normality to abnormality
Term
Prototypical Approach
Definition
There are fuzzy but recognizable combinations of
characteristics that cluster together
These imperfect clusters (prototypes) define abnormal
behavior
Assumptions:
No patient has all of the prototypical features
All patients share most of the features of the prototype
Term
5 Axis Structure
Definition
Axis I - Clinical Syndromes
Axis II - Personality Disorders
Axis III - Related Medical Conditions
Axis IV - Psychosocial and Environmental Problems
Axis V - Global Assessment of Functioning
Term
Anxiety
Definition
Sense of apprehension or doom accompanied by
physiological reactions associated with fight/flight
Term
Panic Disorder
Definition
Unpredictable attacks of acute anxiety
accompanied by high levels of physiological arousal
lasting from a few seconds to a few hours
Term
Somatoform Disorders
Definition
Physical ailments that cannot be fully explained by
organic conditions and are largely due to psychological
factors
Term
Munchausens
Definition
Feeling sick when no general medical condition can be
detected, or symptoms are far in excess of known GMC
Sickness leads to attention (friends, family, medical) =
secondary gains
Term
Dissociative Disorders
Definition
Losing contact with portions of their consciousness,
memory, or perception resulting in disruptions in a sense of
identity
Term
Mood Disorders
Definition
Emotional disturbances of varied kinds that may spill over
to disrupt physical, perceptual and thought processes
Term
Personality Disorders
Definition
Marked by extreme, inflexible personality traits that cause
subjective distress or impaired functioning
Term
Schizophrenic Disorders
Definition
Disorders marked by delusions, hallucinations,
disorganized speech, and deterioration of adaptive
behavior
-Evidence that excess dopamine
activity may be a possible cause of schizophrenia
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