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Psychological Disorders
Psychology 100
132
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
12/15/2013

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Term
Asch Visual Perception Study
Definition
changes obvious answer to fit with others
Term
What makes people conform?
Definition
Normative influence- do things to be liked
Term
Informative influence
Definition
to be right
Term
Ways to strengthen Comformity
Definition
-make feel incompetent or insecure
-groups have at least 3 people
-group is unanimous
-admires group status and attractiveness
-no prior commitment or response
-group observes one's behavior
-culture strongly encourages respect for a social standard
Term
Milgram's A --> B --> C
Definition
A: actor --> researcher
B: participant --> teacher
C: actor --> learner
Term
Milgram's Results
Definition
over 60% of participants continued through 3 shocks of 450 volts
-variety of emotions
Term
2 ways to increase obedience in Milgram's study
Definition
1) have 2 "teachers"- subject doesn't shock
2) no vocalization from the learner (victim)
Term
4 ways to decrease obedience in Milgram's study
Definition
1) move to less prestigious institution
2) experimenter moves further away
3) learner moves closer
4) two teachers- one refuses to go on
Term
Social Impact Theory
Definition
strength, distance, and number of others affects our response to pressure
Term
In Milgram impact of both the _____ and ______ decreases with ________
Definition
victim
authority
distance
Term
Social facilitation
Definition
performance is improved in the presence of others
Term
social loafing
Definition
tendency to put forth less effort when in a group
Term
Deindividualization
Definition
loss of self-awareness and self restraint in group situations
Term
Scapegoat theory
Definition
when things go wrong, find someone to blame
Term
Prejudice
Definition
negative feelings towards someone because they are in a certain group
Term
Causes of prejudice
Definition
-stereotypes
-ultimate attribution error: same process but groups
-ingroup favoritism: help them
-outgroup competition: prejudice increases
Term
Stereotypes
Definition
beliefs that all members of specific social groups share certain characteristics (terrorists)
Term
discrimination
Definition
unjustifiable negative behavior towards a group and its members
Term
ethnocentrism
Definition
my group is better than your group
Term
Elliot's brown/blue eye study
Definition
(1968)
blue-eyed: smarter/superior
brown-eyed: not as smart/inferior
Term
frustration-aggression principle
Definition
frustration creates anger which can spark aggression
Term
Sherif's Robbers Cave
Definition
Stage 1: ingroup formation (split into 2 equal groups)
Stage 2: competition (games for limited resources)
Results: Think reality TV show (survivor)
Stage 3: Cooperative problem solving exercises
*** required to end prejudice***
Term
The power of the situation is _____ and ______
Definition
important
underestimated
Term
Situations can be utilized to:
Definition
-increase prosocial behavior as well as lead to horrendous behavior
Term
individuals who go against the norm (deviants) are important to __________
Definition
reducing comformity
Term
Mental health workers view psychological disorders as:
Definition
persistently harmful thoughts, feelings, and actions
** persistent= long period of time**
Term
3 D's
Definition
-Distress
-Deviance
-Dysfunction: has to cause impairment/problems
Term
Bio-psychosocial persepective
Definition
assumes biological, socio-cultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders
Term
Medical Model
Definition
-Etiology
-Diagnosis
-Treatment
-Prognosis
Term
Etiology
Definition
cause and development of the disorder
Term
Diagnosis
Definition
identifying symptoms and distinguishing one disease from another
Term
treatment
Definition
treating a disease in a psychiatric hospital and/or medication
Term
Prognosis
Definition
forecast about the disorder
(if they last longer than __ days come back)
Term
DSM
Definition
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
-dictionary of categorization (NOT explanation)
Term
Over ___ disorders in DSM IV
Definition
300
Term
Pros/cons of DSM IV
Definition
culturally influenced
-homosexuality
-asbergers
Term
Axis I
Definition
Clinical Syndromes: cognitive, anxiety, mood disorders
Term
Axis II
Definition
Personality Disorders and "Mental Retardation"
Term
Axis III
Definition
General Medical Conditions: could be something else medical that looks like depression
Term
Axis IV
Definition
Psychosocial or Environmental Factors: school, house, job, loss of loved one
Term
Axis V
Definition
Global assessment of functioning: totally subjective
Term
Prevalence
Definition
number of people who currently have the condition
Term
Incidence
Definition
the annual number of people who have a case of the condition
Term
Anxiety Disorders
Definition
Symptoms: fear or anxiety
PTSD, OCD, Phobias, Panic disorder
Term
Mood Disorders
Definition
depression, bipolar disorder (manic depression), major depression, dysthymia, cyclothymia
Term
Psychotic Disorders
Definition
Symptoms: loss of contact with reality through hallucinations, delusions, or inappropriate emotions
Schizophrenia, delusional disorder
Term
Personality Disorders
Definition
Symptoms: rigid, maladaptive personality traits
Antisocial Pers. Dis, histrionic pers. dis, narcisstic pers. dis.
Term
Dissociative disorders
Definition
Symptoms: separation from memory or identity
psychogenic amnesia, dissociative identity disorder
often personal trauma, usually amnesia
Term
Eating Disorders
Definition
Symptoms: excessive concern with weight gain, need for control
anorexia nervosa, bulimia. under eating, and binging
** DSM-V added binge eating disorder**
Term
Anxiety disorders
Definition
grounded in fear (or anxiety)
Term
Generalized anxiety disorder
Definition
Symptoms: jittery, easily fatigued, difficulty concentrating, irritable, muscle tension, sleep disturbance
excessive uncontrolled anxieties and worries about a number of events or activities
-failure to control worry with efforts
Term
generalized anxiety is ___ ____ according to Freud
Definition
free floating
Term
Panic Disorder
Definition
recurrent unexpected panic attacks (MULTIPLE)
Term
Phobias
Definition
-persistent, unreasonable fear cued by anticipation of specific object or situation
-exposure to stimulus provides anxiety
-person recognizes fear is excessive or unreasonable
-avoid object/ situation to endure with distress
Term
Agoraphobia vs. social phobia
Definition
afraid of a place where there is no escape vs. what people think
Term
Schizophrenia
Definition
disturbances of language or thought, perception, emotion or mood, behavior
Term
Schizophrenia disturbance of language or thought
Definition
delusional beliefs: being watched by somebody
Term
Schizophrenia disturbance emotion or mood
Definition
Interpersonal:
cackling to themselves, crying
disorganization in personal relationships
things we don't expect
Term
Schizophrenia disturbance in behavior
Definition
neglecting self care
social withdrawal
Term
Positive Symptoms of Schizo.
Definition
something has been added
disorganized thoughts, disorganized or catatonic behaviors (twirling hair, hold facial expressions)
Hallucinations- most common (75%), auditory (hear voices)
Delusions- paranoid, believe people are running after them
Term
Negative symptoms of Schizo.
Definition
removing something
Deficits in affect, speech, and motivation
Term
Cognitive Symptoms of Schizo.
Definition
deficits in basic cognitive processes
not able to hold attention
Term
Paranoid Schizo.
Definition
preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations, often with themes of persecution or grandiosity
MOST COMMON
Term
Disorganized Schizo.
Definition
disorganized speech or behavior, or flat/inappropriate emotion
Term
Catatonic Schizo.
Definition
immobility (or excessive purposeless movement), extreme negatism, and/ or parrot like repeating of another's speech/movements
Term
Undifferentieated Schizo.
Definition
many and varied symptoms
Term
Residual Schizo.
Definition
withdrawal,after hallucinations and delusions have disappeared
Term
Biological origin of Schizo.
Definition
brain abnormalities, multigene (genetic factors). viral/infection( prenatal influenza virus)
Term
Most people ____ the role that genetics play in mental health diorders
Definition
overestimate
Term
Social psychology studies how we ___ ____. ____. and _____ to one another
Definition
think about
influence
relate
Term
Lens
Definition
focus on the individual in context
Term
applied
Definition
study real world problems (discrimination, racism, etc)
Term
empirical
Definition
study in laboratory or more naturalistic- often manipulated
Ex: playboy "hooking up and risk taking
Term
Social Thinking
Definition
involves thinking about others, especially when they engage in doing things that are unexpected
Term
Fundamental Attribution Error
Definition
"actor-observer bias"
tendency to attribute others actions to dispositional factors and our actions to situational factors
Focus on personality rather than context
Term
attitude
Definition
a belief and feeling that predisposes a person to respond in a particular way to objects, other people and events
Term
foot in the door
Definition
tendency for people to agree to small request to comply later with a larger one (donations)
Term
cognitive dissonance (disconnect)
Definition
people feel discomfort when actions conflict with feelings and beliefs
Term
peripheral route persuasion
Definition
no systematic thinking but quick results from powerful imagery (advertising)
Term
central route persuasion
Definition
evidence and arguments: more durable and likely to change behavior
Term
Depressive Disorders: MUST HAVE AT LEAST ONE OF THE FIRST TWO AND AT LEAST 4 TOTAL
Definition
1) feeling sad for 2 wks+
2) ongoing lack of interest in once pleasurable activities
3) significant weight gain/loss
4) extreme fatigue
5) insomnia or hypersomnia
6) persistent inability to concentrate or make decisions
7) suicidal ideation
Term
Patterns in suicide:
_____ 2X more often than _____
_____ attempt more (3X)
_____ complete more (4X)
late ______ increases
Definition
whites, blacks
women
men
adulthood
Term
Rate of depression higher in ________ (50%) than _________ ________ (20%)
Definition
identical
fraternal twins
Term
Depression and neurotransmitters
Definition
tend to have lower available norepinephrine and serotonin in depression
Term
_______/______ style plays a major role in depression
Definition
negative/pessimistic
Term
Bipolar disorder
Definition
roller coaster emotional mood swings from high mania to low depression
Term
Bipolar I
Definition
more sever mania
Term
Bipolar II
Definition
less severe mania
Term
OCD if occupies more than _____ of their time a day
Definition
one hour
Term
Obsession
Definition
recurring intrusive thoughts
Term
compulsion
Definition
recurring actions, often to neutralize the obsession
Term
PTSD- most common trauma of PTSD is _________ , most likely is _________
Definition
motor vehicle accidents
sexual assault
Term
PTSD
Definition
re-experiencing traumatic event
Term
PTSD: 4 or more weeks of:
Definition
1) flashbacks
2) nightmares
3) social withdrawal
4) avoidance of stimuli associated
Term
Learning perspective
Definition
reinforcement
punishment
association
Term
Learning perspective- fear conditioning
Definition
Ex: elevator meets BA Burrito
-pairing some anxious reaction with something else
Term
Learning perspective: observational learning
Definition
Ex; monkeys in wild vs. captivity
Term
Learning perspective: cognition
Definition
Ex: over prediction of danger (molly and texas sized insects)
Term
Learning perspective: biological perspective
Definition
1) natural selection (fear of cliffs- would just walk off)
2) genetics (twin studies)
3) Brain (overactive amygdala)
Term
Anorexia Nervosa
Definition
failure to maintain healthy weight through calorie deficit
-considered most lethal in DSM
Term
Bulimia Nervosa
Definition
cycles of binging/purging but often within normal weight
-purging reduces anxiety
Term
Binge Eating Disorder
Definition
bingeing with remorse
Term
Eating disorders: gender differences
Definition
risk up to 3 times higher in women vs men (except binge eating)
Term
Eating disorders: role of environment
Definition
highest rates in western, industrialized countries
higher in families with unrealistic expectations
Term
Eating disorders: special populations
Definition
50% college women engage in disordered eating
more than 10% adolescent girls, 3% of boys binge eat or purge at least once a week
more women with anorexia nervosa than breast cancer
Term
body dysmorphic disorder
Definition
"imagined ugliness"
frequent examination of self and excessive grooming
Term
Psychoanalysis
Definition
bringing unconscious feelings into awareness
people change through developing insight
Term
Free association
Definition
someone on couch, therapist out of view
saying out loud, normally filtered things
Term
transference
Definition
project our issues onto others
have same feelings towards someone who looks like someone else with a bad memory
Term
Psychodynamic
Definition
focus on the relationship
balance b/w past events and current symptoms
Term
Humanistic
Definition
all humans have potential for self-fulfillment
client -centered therapy
Term
Client centered therapy
Definition
it sounds like...
primary task of therapist=empathy
Term
classical conditioning/counterconditioning
Definition
we cant experience relaxation and fear at the same time
Term
systematic desensitization
Definition
working through hierarchy
Term
exposure
Definition
imagine scenes in your head and pairing that with the need to relax (clown)
Term
flooding
Definition
activate full anxiety and wait until it decreases
Term
virtual reality
Definition
effective for fears and phobias that can be recreated
Term
aversive conditioning
Definition
counter condition something pleasurable with something they are afraid of
Term
operant conditioning
Definition
use of reinforcement, punishment, or extinction (tasty tasty chart)
Term
REBT
Definition
Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy
irrational thoughts are self defeating and influence emotions and behavior
Term
Cognitive Therapies
Definition
based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions (maddie learning to ride bike)
Term
Aaron Beck's Cognitive Therapy
Definition
dysfunctional or maladaptive thoughts lead to depression
-aims at testing our assumptions (fear of saying something stupid)
Term
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
Definition
behavioral activation in addition to cognitive changes
Term
family therapy
Definition
focus on family as a system with communication patterns
Term
family therapy
Definition
focus on family as a system with communication patterns
Term
group therapy
Definition
time and $$$
no less efective
social lab
normalizes our problems
feedback
Term
Antipsychotic
Definition
useful for controlling positive symptoms of psychosis
Side Effects: tardive dyskinesia, cotton mouth, weight gain
Term
anti-anxiety
Definition
central nervous system depressant- should not be mixed with alcohol
can be addictive
Term
antidepressants: SSRIs
Definition
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
Term
antidepressants: SNRIs
Definition
Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
-often take 2-4 wks to feel effects
useful for disorders (anxiety, PTSD, bulimia)
Term
mood stabilizers
Definition
effective in reducing manic symptoms of bipolar disorders
Term
TLC Treatments
Definition
-exercise
-sleep
-social connection
-nutrition
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