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Psychoactive Drugs and Behavior
Exam #3- Stimulants
87
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
08/01/2011

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Cards

Term
What do all major stimulants cause?
Definition

Increased alertness, excitation, and euphoria.

Term
What are Stimulants commonly referred to?
Definition

"Uppers"

Term
Dependence to Stimulants can be caused due to their         ,              , and                properties.
Definition

Euphoric, ergogenic, and nootropic properties.

Term
What are the main categories of Stimulants?
Definition

1. Amphetamines

2. Cocaine

3. Caffeine

4. Khat

5. CAT

Term
A mixture of amphetamines with what other drug is quite common?
Definition

Tranquilizers

Term
An especially strong amphetamine with a high abuse potential
Definition

Methamphetamine

Term
Methamphetamine is referred to as                   or                  when swallowed or sniffed.
Definition

Speed or Crystal

Term
Methamphetamine is referred to as                 when injected
Definition

Crank

Term
Methamphetamine is referred to as                        when smoked.
Definition

Ice

Term
What percent of U.S. adolescents use methamphetamine annually?
Definition

3-6 %

Term
What are the approved uses of Amphetamines?
Definition

1. Narcolepsy

2. Short term weight reduction

3. Hyperkinetic Behavior (ADD/ADHD)*most used

Term
What percent of the elementary school aged population is believed to be affected by ADHD?
Definition

3-5%, more commonly males

Term
What percent of ADHD children are medicated yearly, and what percent will be medicated at some time during their school years?
Definition
58% and 86%
Term
More than what percent of ADHD children in North America receive stimulants?
Definition
2%, or about 600,000 children
Term
What percent of ADHD children respond positively, and what percent show no response or adverse responses?
Definition

70% and 30%

Term
What is the stimulant Methylphenidate known as?
Definition

Ritalin or Concerta

Term
What is the stimulant Dextroamphetamine known as?
Definition

Dexadrine

Term
What stimulant are 4 Amphetamines used to create?
Definition

Adderall

Term
What is the stimulant Pemoline known as?
Definition

Cylert

Term
When amphetamines, such as Adderall, do not work for an individual suffering from ADHD, what are the next options?
Definition

Try to treat the individual with non-amphetamine drugs such as Ritalin or Cylert.

Term
What are the side effects of amphetamine used to treat ADHD?
Definition

1. Irritability

2. Anorexia

3. Insomnia

4. Tics

5. Psychotic Symptoms

6. Hypertension

7. Growth Suppression (only an issue for adolescents and children)

Term
In order to prevent the side effect of growth supression by ADHD prescribed amphetamines, what is suggested one do?
Definition

Recommend weekend and summer holidays if possible

Term
CNS stimulants
Definition

Uppers

Term
Drugs that suppress appetite for food
Definition

Anorexiants

Term
Meaningless repetition of a single activity
Definition

Behavioral Stereotypy

Term
A condition causing spontaneous and uncontrolled sleeping episodes
Definition

Narcolepsy

Term
An injectable methamphetamine used by drug addicts
Definition

Speed

Term
Chemicals used to produce a drug
Definition

Precursor Chemicals

Term
A smokable form of methamphetamine
Definition

Ice

Term
Initial pleasure after amphetamine use that includes racing heartbeat and elevated blood pressure
Definition

Rush

Term
4 to 16 hours after drug use; includes feelings of energy and power
Definition

High

Term
Intense use of a stimulant, consisting of multiple administrations over a period of days
Definition

Run

Term
Similar to a run, but usually of shorter duration
Definition

Binge

Term
Repeated administration of methamphetamine to maintain the high
Definition

Tweaking

Term
Elevated body temperature
Definition

Hyperpyrexia

Term
Combinations of amphetamine or cocaine with an opioid narcotic, often heroin
Definition

Speedballs

Term
Drug used by young adults at dance parties such as raves
Definition

Club drugs

Term
Contaminating substances are mixed in to dilute the drugs
Definition

Adulterated

Term
Conversion of cocaine into its alkaline form for smoking
Definition

Freebasing

Term
Already processed and inexpensive "freebased" cocaine, ready for smoking
Definition

Crack

Term
Infants born to women who use crack cocaine during pregnancy
Definition

Crack babies

Term
Infants born to women who used cocaine during their pregnancy
Definition

Cocaine babies

Term
The family of drugs that includes caffeine
Definition

Xanthines

Term
Symptoms caused by taking high chronic doses of caffeine
Definition

Caffeinism

Term
How do amphetamines work?
Definition

Since amphetamines are synthetic chemicals that are similar to natural neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, dopamine, and the stress hormone epinephrine, amphetamines exert their pharmacological effect by increasing the release and blockage of the metabolism of these catecholamines as well as seretonin.

Term
A highly addictive stimulant that is often cheaper and much longer lasting than cocaine, sometimes known as "poor man's cocaine."
Definition

Methamphetamine

Term
What are some precursor chemicals for methamphetamine?
Definition

Ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and phenulpropanolamine

Term
It is estimated that what percent of meth is imported, and therefore keeping supplies abundant and cost low?
Definition

90%

Term
To relieve some of the side effects of the extensive use of methamphetamine, tweakers often use a depressant such as                  ,                 ,                      , or                              .
Definition

Alcohol, Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines, or Opioid Narcotics

Term
What is the most popular designer amphetamine?
Definition

MDMA (Ecstasy)

Term
What shrub is cocaine found in the leaves of?
Definition

Erythroxylon coca

Term
What was the first local anesthetic?
Definition

Cocaine

Term
What are the ways Cocaine can be administered?
Definition

Cocaine can be taken orally, inhaled into the nasal passages, injected intravenously, or smoked.

Term
This administration of Cocaine produces the least potent effects because most of the drug is destroyed in the gut or liver before it reaches the brain.
Definition

Oral Administration

Term
10% to 15% of those who try intranasal cocaine go on to this heavier form of dosing. There are severe side effects and dependence. The "high" is intenst but short-lived; within 15 to 20 minutes. Cocaine must be readministered every 10 to 30 minutes.
Definition

Intravenous Administration

Term
What form of Cocaine administration is characterised as being as intense or more than those echieved through intravenous administrations. The onset is very rapid, eht euphoria is dramatic, the depression is severe, the side effects are dangerous, and the chances of dependence are high.
Definition

Smoked Cocaine

Term
Most of the pharmacological effects of cocaine use stem from enhanced activity of catecholamine and serotonin transmitters. It is believed that the principal action of the drug is to...
Definition

Block the reuptake and inactivation of these substance following their release from neurons

Term
What is the second most common source of caffeine?
Definition

Soft Drinks

Term
What are the effects Amphetamines have on Neurotransmission?
Definition

1. Are NE agonists (mimic NE)

2. Stimulates release of monoamines (precursor to NE- dopamine)

3. Inhibit MAO

4. Block catecholamine reuptake

Term
Amphetamine-like drugs can be used in pharmaceuticals such as...
Definition

1. Nasal Decongestants

2. Appetite Suppressants

Term

Given the name, describe the form of the Cocaine derivative and the route of administration:

Coca

Cocaine

Freebase

Crack

Definition

Coca- leaf (flowers, leaves, bushels), chewed

Cocaine- HCL powder (typically adulterated), orally, snorted, or injected

Freebase- alkaloid, smoked

Crack- pure rocks, smoked

Term
What are the three abstinence phases in the chronic abuser?
Definition

"Crash" - 1-2 days, include symptoms of NE depletion later.

"Withdrawal"- 1-10 weeks, include anhedonia

"Extinction"- indefinite

Term
Anhedonia, anxiety, intense craving, obsession with drug-seeking all characterize what phase of cocaine abstinence?
Definition
Withdrawal, late
Term
Fatigue, no craving, insomnia, and exhaustion are all characteristics of what phase of cocaine abstinence?
Definition
"Crash" late
Term
Agitation, Depression, Anorexia, and Suicidal thoughts are all characteristics of what phase of cocaine abstinence?
Definition
"Crash" early
Term
Mood swings and occasional cravings due to cues are characteristics of what phase of cocaine abstinence?
Definition
Extinction
Term
Mood swings, sleep returns, and some craving are all characteristics of what phase of cocaine abstinence?
Definition
Withdrawal early
Term
What is the trend in % of Americans who drink coffee from 1962 to 1987?
Definition

The trend is that coffee consumption had declined from 1962 to 1987. This is most likely because an increase in the consumption of soda and other caffeinated beverages.

Term

What are the members of the Methylxanthine family?

 

What are Methylxanthines also known as?

Definition

Caffeine or trimethylxanthine

Theophyline

Theobromine

 

Xanthine Family

Term

Where do we find theophyline?

 

What is another use for theophyline?

Definition

Tea, more specifically, brown tea.

 

Used as a prescription for asthma

Term
What Xanthine is found in chocolate?
Definition

Theobromine

Term
What two other components of chocolate have been isolated and what have they been found to do?
Definition

Phenylethylamine- found to be closely linked with amorous activity

Anandamide- an endogenous THC-like compound, so essentially, the brains own marijuana.

Term
What are the Behavioral Effects that Xanthines have on the body?
Definition

Low doses enhance mental alertness and reduce fatigue

High doses impair performance because of side effects (restlessness, nervousness, irritability, insomnia, diuresis, muscle twitching, tremors, rambling thoughts/speech, and stomach complaints and headaches)

May effect introverts/extroverts differently

Reduces boredom

Stimulant effects are most pronounced in unstimulated drowsy subjects

Effects are more pronounced in children.

Term

What was the effect Caffeine had on the variable of physical endurance while:

Biking with a fixed load?

Biking with a progressive load?

Definition

Increased endurance

No effect

Term

What was the effect did Caffeine have on the Motor Skills area of:

Hand-eye coordination?

 

Definition

Decrease

Term

What effect did Caffeine have on the areas of Vigilance:

Night Driving Simulation

Target Scanning

Definition

Increase

Light user- decrease, Heavy user- no effect

Term

What effect did Caffeine have on the effects of Reaction Time:

Simple?

Choice-Decision time?

Choice- Motor time?

 

Definition

Decreases (speeds up)

Increase (slows down)

Decrease

Term

What effect did Caffeine have on Verbal tests like the GRE Practice test in areas such as:

Speed/accuracy

Time Stress Accuracy in extroverts/introverts

Accuracy in low impulsives and high impulsives

Definition

Extroverts- increase with dose, Introverts decrease with dose

Extroverts- increases, Introverts- decreases

Low impulsives- increase in am, decrease in pm, High impulsives- decrease in am, increase in pm.

Term
What are the psyciological effects of xanthines on the body?
Definition

Diuretic

Increases basal metabolic rate

Alleviates some types of headache due to vasoconstrictor properties

Stimulates gastric acid and pepsin secretion

Dilates bronchi of the lungs (especially theophyline)

At high doses it may increast heart rate and BP

Term
What is the Lethal Dose in humans (in terms of cups of coffee)?
Definition

30-80 cups

Term
At levels greater than                      the side effects of panic, chills, nausea, and clumsiness occur
Definition
> (greater than) 500
Term
What range of grams have seizures, respiratory failure, and death for Caffeine intake occurred at?
Definition

5 to 10 grams

Term
What drug is derived from the Catha Edulis shrub?
Definition

Khat

Term
Is there a risk for tolerance or dependence to Khat?
Definition

No, effects are similar to ampehtamines, but it is less potent, and tolerance does not develop and there is no physicald dependence.

Term
What two controlled substances are found in Khat?
Definition

Cathinone and Cathine

Term

How many times more potent that cathine is cathinone?

 

Where is cathinone only present?

Definition

Approximately 10 times more potent

 

Cathinone is only present in fresh leaves, which is why leaves less than 48 hours old are preferred.

 

Term
Methcathinone is also known by what name, and what is it the structural analogue of?
Definition

CAT, and it is the structural analogue of methamphetamine and cathinone.

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