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psychGRE-design, stats, tests,& measures
Kaplan Material (2010)
65
Psychology
Graduate
08/19/2010

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Term
hypothesis
Definition
a tentative and testable explanation of the relationship b/w two or more variables
Term
variable
Definition
a factor that varies in amt or kind and can be measured
Term
operational definitions
Definition
state how the researcher will measure the variables
Term
independent variable (IV)
Definition
the variable whose effect is being studied; e.g. breakfast type
Term
dependent variable (DV)
Definition
the variable expected to change due to variations in the independent variable; e.g. spelling test performance
Term
naturalistic observation
Definition
researcher does not intervene; measures behaviors as it naturally occurs
Term
correlational
Definition
IV not manipulated
Term
quasi-experiment
Definition
IV IS manipulated! subjects NOT randomly assigned to groups.
Term
true experiment
Definition
IV is MANIPULATED! subjects ARE randomly assigned to groups
Term
population
Definition
the group the researcher wishes to generalized his/her results to
Term
representative sample
Definition
sample is a miniature version of the population
Term
random sample
Definition
every population member has an equal chance to be selected for the sample
Term
stratified random sample
Definition
relevant subgroups of the population are randomly sampled in proportion to size
Term
between-subjects
Definition
all subjects are not in every condition
e.g. cond. 1 = grp 1; cond. 2 = grp 2
Term
matched
Definition
cond. 1=grp 1; cond. 2=grp 2; one-t-one pairing
Term
within-subjects
Definition
all subjects are in each condition;
e.g. cond. 1=grp 1; cond. 2=grp 1
Term
experimenter bias
Definition
experimenter's expectations or attitudes that can affect results; prevention = double-blinding
Term
demand characteristics
Definition
cues in research situation that suggest to the subject what is expected; prevention= deception?
Term
placebo effect
Definition
a type of demand characteristic where a placebo has a beneficial effect on the subjects; prevention= control groups
Term
Hawthorne effect
Definition
the effect that being observed has on behavior; prevention = control grps
Term
range
Definition
highest score minus lowest score
Term
standard deviation (SD)
Definition
"average" scatter away from the mean (also the square root of the variance)
Term
variance (s^2)
Definition
the square root of the SD
Term
percentile
Definition
indicates the percentage of scores that fall at or below a given score (e.g., it your score is at the 90th %tile, 90% of the scores fall at or below your score)
Term
z-score
Definition
indicates the # of standard deviations your score is away from the mean
Term
normal distribution
Definition
about 68% of the scores w/in 1 standard deviation of the mean; about 96% of the scores fall w/in 2 standard deviations of the mean
Term
type 1 error
Definition
reject null when null is true
Term
type II error
Definition
accept null, when null is false
Term
t-test
Definition
use when you have 2 grps
Term
ANOVA
Definition
use when you have more than two grps (factorial design or interaction)
Term
factorial design
Definition
each level of a given IV occurs w/each level of the other IVs
Term
interaction
Definition
when the effects of one IV are not consistent for all levels of the other IVs
Term
chi-square test
Definition
use when individual observations are names or categories
Term
methods for assessing reliability
Definition
test-retest, alternate form, & split-half
Term
validity
Definition
the extent to which a test actually measures what it is purports to measure
Term
content validity
Definition
the test's coverage of the particular skill or knowledge area that it is supposed to measure.
Term
face validity
Definition
whether or not the test items appear to measure what they are suppose to measure
Term
criterion validity
Definition
how well the test can predict an individual's performance on an established test of the same skill or knowledge area.
Term
cross validation
Definition
testing the criterion validity of a test on a second sample, after you demonstrated validity using an initial sample (2 or 3 times)
Term
construct validity
Definition
how well performance on the test fists into the theoretical framework (construct) related to what it is you want to measure.
Term
convergent validity
Definition
aka construct validity; e.g. people who score high on your test of social adeptness should also score high on tests of IQ.
Term
discriminate validity
Definition
performance on the test is not correlated w/other variables that the theory predicts that test performance should not be related to.
Term
nominal/categorical
Definition
names
Term
ordinal scale
Definition
ranks
Term
interval scale
Definition
equal intervals
Term
ratio scale
Definition
equal intervals + true zero point (e.g. income, or kalvin)
Term
ratio IQ
Definition
(mental age/chronological age) x 100
Term
deviation IQ
Definition
indicates how well a person performed on an IQ test relative to her/his same-age peers
Term
personality inventories
Definition
MMPI and CPI; self-rating device consisting of statements that can be answered by the person taking the test; the test taker is given a limited number of ways to respond to the statements (likert-type scale,or yes/no)
Term
projective tests
Definition
Rorschach inkblot test, TAT, & Rotter incomplete sentences; relatively ambiguous stimuli are presented to the test-taker; the test taker is asked to interpret the stimuli
Term
Mean
Definition
the sum of observations/# of observations
Term
median
Definition
the # that divides the data in 1/2
Term
mode
Definition
the # w/the highest frequency
Term
range
Definition
highest score-minus-lowest score
Term
z-score
Definition
(your score - M/SD)
Term
Binet, A. & Simon, T.
Definition
developed the Binet-Simon intelligence test; introduced the concept of mental age
Term
Holland, J.
Definition
developed the RIASEC model of occupational themes
Term
Jensen, A.
Definition
suggested that there were genetically based racial differences in IQ; this suggestion has been much criticized
Term
Morgan, C. & Murray, H.
Definition
developed the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Term
Rorschach, H.
Definition
developed the Rorschach inkblot test, a projective test designed to measure personality
Term
Rotter, J.
Definition
developed a sentence completion test; a projected test designed to measure personality
Term
Stern, W.
Definition
developed the concept of the ratio IQ
Term
Strong, E. & Campbell, D.
Definition
developed the Strong-Campbell interest Inventory; used to assess interest in diff. lines of work (actually, they don't work together: Campbell revised an earlier test of Strong's)
Term
Terman, L.
Definition
Revised the Binet-Simon intelligence test; revision became known as the Stanford-Binet IQ test
Term
Wechsler, D.
Definition
developed several intelligence tests for use with different ages (the WPPSI, WISC, and WAIS); these tests yield three deviation IQs: a verbal IQ, a performance IQ, & a full-scale IQ
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