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Psych. Ch. 4
Psych. Ch. 4
80
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
02/06/2012

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Term
Ophthalmology
Definition
The study of the eye's structure, function, and diseases.
Term
Audiology
Definition
The science concerned with hearing
Term
Neurology
Definition
The scientific study of the nervous system.
Term
Sensation
Definition
The process of receiving stimulus energies from the external environment and transforming those energies into neural energy.
Term
Perception
Definition
The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information so that it has meaning.
Term
Bottom-Up Processing
Definition
The operation in sensation and perception in which sensory receptors register information about the external environment and send it up to the brain for interpretation.
Term
Top-Down Processing
Definition
THe operation in sensation and perception, launched by cognitive processing at the brain's higher levels, that allows the organism to sense what is happening and to apply that framework to information from the world.
Term
Sensory Receptors
Definition
Specialized cells that detect stimulus information and transmit it to sensory (afferent) nerves and the brain.
Term
Photoreception
Definition
Detection of light, perceived as sight
Term
Mechanoreception
Definition
Detection of pressure, vibration, and movement, perceived as touch, hearing, and equilibrium.
Term
Chemoreception
Definition
Detection of chemical stimuli, perceived as smell and taste
Term
Synaesthesia
Definition
An experience in which one sense induces an experience in another sense.
Term
Phantom Limb Pain
Definition
Pain in a limb that was amputated
Term
Absolute Threshold
Definition
The minimum amount of stimulus energy that a person can detect.
Term
Noise
Definition
Irrelevant and competing stimuli -- not only sounds but also any distracting stimuli for our senses
Term
Difference Threshold
Definition
The degree of difference that must exist between two stimuli before the difference is detected.
Term
Weber's Law
Definition
The principle that two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount) to be perceived as different.
Term
Subliminal Perception
Definition
The detection of information below the level of conscious awareness.
Term
Signal Detection Theory
Definition
A theory of perception that focuses on decision making about stimuli in the presence of uncertainty
Term
Attention
Definition
The process of focusing awareness on a narrowed aspect of the environment.
Term
Selective Attention
Definition
The process of focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring others.
Term
Cocktail Party Effect
Definition
When one can hear one person talking in a group of people
Term
Stroop Effect
Definition
The way that automatically reading a color name can make it difficult to name the color in which the word is printed.
Term
Novel Stimuli
Definition
Different, unusual stimuli that attracts our attention.
Term
Inattentional Blindness
Definition
Refers to the failure to detect unexpected events when our attention is engaged by a task.
Term
Emotion-Induced Blindness
Definition
Refers to the fact that when we encounter an emotionally charged stimulus, we often fail to recognize a stimulus that is presented immediately after it.
Term
Perpetual Set
Definition
A predisposition or readiness to perceive something in a particular way.
Term
Sensory Adaptation
Definition
A change in the responsiveness of the sensory system based on the average level of surrounding stimulation.
Term
Extrasensory Perception
Definition
Person that can read another person's mind or perceive future events in the absence of concrete sensory input.
Term
Parapsychology
Definition
Scientific study of ESP.
Term
Light
Definition
Form of electromagnetic energy that can be describes in terms of wavelengths.
Term
Wavelength
Definition
Distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next.
Term
Visible Light
Definition
Ranges from 400-700 nm of wavelengths.
Term
Hue
Definition
Color
Term
Amplitude
Definition
height of the wavelength
Term
Purity
Definition
same or mix of waves
Term
Sclera
Definition
White, outer part of the eye that helps to maintain the shape of the eye and to protect it from injury.
Term
Iris
Definition
The colored part of the eye, which might be light blue in one individual and dark brown in another.
Term
Pupil
Definition
Opening in the center of the iris, black part.
Term
Cornea
Definition
Clear membrane just in front of the eye
Term
Lens
Definition
A transparent and somewhat flexible, disk-shaped structure filled with a gelatin-like material.
Term
Retina
Definition
The multilayered light-sensitive surface in the eye that records electromagnetic energy and converts it to neural impulses for processing in the brain.
Term
Rods
Definition
The receptor cells in the retina that are sensitive to light but not very useful for color vision
Term
Cones
Definition
The receptor cells in the retina that allow for color perception
Term
Fovea
Definition
tiny area in the center of the retina at which vision is at its best.
Term
Optic Nerve
Definition
The structure at the back of the eye, made up of axons of the ganglion cells, that carries visual information to the brain for further processing.
Term
Feature Detectors
Definition
Neurons in the brain's visual system that respond to particular features of a stimulus
Term
Parallel Processing
Definition
The simultaneous distribution of information across different neural pathways
Term
Binding
Definition
IN the sense of vision, the bringing together and integration of what is processed by different neural pathways or cells.
Term
Trichromatic Theory
Definition
Theory stating that color perception is produced by three types of cone receptors in the retina that are particularly sensitive to different, but overlapping, ranges of wavelengths.
Term
Opponent-Process
Definition
Theory stating that cells in the visual system respond to complementary pairs of red-green and blue-yellow colors; a given cell might be excited by red and inhibited by green, whereas another cell might be excited by yellow and inhibited by blue.
Term
Figure-Ground Relationship
Definition
The principle by which we organize the perceptual field into stimuli that stand out and those that are left over
Term
Gestalt Psychology
Definition
A school of thought interested in how people naturally organize their perceptions according to certain patterns.
Term
Depth Perception
Definition
The ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally
Term
Binocular Cues
Definition
Depth cues that depend on the combination of the images in the left and right eyes and on the way the two eyes work together.
Term
Convergence
Definition
A binocular cue to depth and distance in which the muscle movements in our two eyes provide information about how deep and/or far away something is.
Term
Monocular Cues
Definition
Powerful depth cues available from the image in one eye, either the right or the left.
Term
Apparent Movement
Definition
The perception that a stationary object is moving.
Term
Perceptual Constancy
Definition
The recognition that objects are constant and unchanging even though sensory input about them is changing.
Term
Frequency
Definition
Number of full wavelengths that pass through a point in a given time interval.
Term
Pitch
Definition
Perceptual interpretation of the frequency of a sound.
Term
Complex Sounds
Definition
Numerous frequencies of sound blend together.
Term
Outer Ear
Definition
The outermost part of the ear, consisting of the pinna and the external auditory canal.
Term
Middle Ear
Definition
The part of the ear that channels sound through the eardrum, hammer, anvil, and stirrup to the inner ear.
Term
Pinna
Definition
Outer, Visible part of the ear.
Term
Eardrum
Definition
Separates the outer ear from the middle ear and vibrates in response to sound.
Term
Inner Ear
Definition
THe part of the ear that includes the oval window, cochlea, and basilar membrane and whose function is the convert sound waves into neural impulses and send them to the brain.
Term
Cochlea
Definition
Tubular, fluid-filled structure that is coiled up like a snail.
Term
Basilar Membrane
Definition
Lines the inner wall of the cochlea and runs its entire length.
Term
Place Theory
Definition
Theory on how the inner ear registers the frequency of sound, stating that each frequency produces vibrations at a particular spot on the basilar membrane.
Term
Frequency Theory
Definition
Theory on how the inner ear registers the frequency of sound, stating that the perception of a sound's frequency depends on how often the auditory nerve fires.
Term
Volley Principle
Definition
Modification of frequency theory stating that a cluster of nerve cells can fire neural impulses in rapid succession, producing a volley of impulses.
Term
Auditory Nerve
Definition
The nerve structure that receives information about sound from the hair cells of the inner ear and carries these neural impulses to the brain's auditory areas.
Term
Thermoreceptors
Definition
Sensory nerve endings under the skin that respond to changes in temperature at or near the skin and provide input to keep the body's temperature at 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit.
Term
Pain
Definition
The sensation that warns us of damage to our bodies.
Term
Papillae
Definition
Rounded bumps above the tongue's surface that contain the taste buds, the receptors for taste.
Term
Olfactory Epithelium
Definition
The lining the roof of the nasal cavity, containing a sheet of receptor cells for smell.
Term
Kinesthetic Senses
Definition
Senses that provide information about movement, posture, and orientation.
Term
Vestibular Senses
Definition
Sense that provides information about balance and movement.
Term
Semicircular Canals
Definition
Three fluid-filled circular tubes in the inner ear containing the sensory receptors that detect head motion caused when we tilt or move our head and/or body.
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