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PsychBio Exam 2
Exam 2 Keywords
87
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
03/14/2013

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Term
Afferent neurons
Definition
axons arriving towards the CNS, processes sensory information
Term
Allomone
Definition
chemicals released outside the body to affect individuals of another species are allomones
Term
Amine hormone
Definition
modified version of a single amino acid, called monoamine hormones
Term
Anterior
Definition
towards the front
Term
Anterior pituitary gland
Definition
contains endocrine cells that synthesize and secrete different hormones.
Term
Arachnoid matter
Definition
weblike membrane
Term
Arginine vasopressin
Definition
promotes water conservation and increases blood pressure
Term
Autonomic nervous system
Definition
two branches (sympathetic and parasympathetic), Sympathetic: mobilizes energy (stress and arousal), Parasympathetic: Restores energy (rest and recovery), Differ in structure and chemicals released
Term
Basal ganglia
Definition
Initiation of voluntary control of movements, maintaining muscle tone, and posture (target of the Substantia Nigra). Main structures: caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus
Term
Bipolar cells
Definition
receive input from photoreceptors and synapse on ganglion cells whose axons form the optic nerve, which carries information to the brain, Bipolar cells release an excitatory neurotransmitter
Term
Blood brain barrier
Definition
the endothelial cells that make up the blood prevent most chemicals from passing into the brain.
Term
Broca's area
Definition
speech production
Term
Central Sulcus
Definition
fold in the cerebral cortex in the brains of vertebrates. Also called the central fissure
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
Connected via the Pons, Associated with a) development and coordination of movement, b) balance, and c) somatosensory info
Term
Cerebral cortex
Definition
The cortex is divided into four lobes. Sulcus – small groove, Fissure – large groove, Gyrus – raised portion of the brain (plural gyri), Each lobe is associated with different functions
Term
Cerebrospinal fluid
Definition
clear fluid that cushions and protects CNS and provides nutrients
Term
Cones
Definition
requires more light and allows color vision
Term
Decision
Definition
Made based on stimuli
Term
Detection
Definition
environmental information inside and outside the body, which is then transmitted to the CNS, absorption of physical energy by receptors
Term
Dorsal
Definition
toward the back / top of head
Term
Dorsal root ganglion
Definition
sensory neuron cell bodies
Term
Dorsal Stream
Definition
Where pathway
Term
Dura Matter
Definition
tough outer membrane
Term
Efferent neurons
Definition
axons leaving the CNS, process motor signals
Term
Endocrine Glands
Definition
Release hormones into the body
Term
Execution
Definition
A Response
Term
Exocrine Glands
Definition
Use ducts to secrete fluid outside the body, such as sweat and tears
Term
Fovea
Definition
Sharp Vision
Term
Frontal Lobe
Definition
posterior portion is the motor cortex. Includes a language center (Broca’s area – motor movements for speech production impaired). Anterior portion (prefrontal area): Complex cognitive functions, planning, decision making, impulsivity)
Term
Ganglion Cells
Definition
a collection of cell bodies outside the CNS
Term
Hormones
Definition
are chemicals, secreted by one cell group, that travel through the bloodstream to act on targets
Term
Hypothalamus
Inferior colliculi
Definition
relay auditory information
Term
Iris
Definition
controls amount of light that enters thru the pupil
Term
Lamella
Definition
A layer of membrane containing photopigments; found in the rods and cones
Term
Lateral
Definition
away form the midline
Term
Lateral geniculate nucleus
Definition
relays visual information
Term
Lens
Definition
structure that focuses light onto the back of retina
Term
Limbic System
Definition
Main structures: amygdala, cingulate gyrus, and hippocampus, Regulates emotions – anger, happiness, and fear (amygdala) and memory of emotional experiences. Involved in storage and retrieval of memories (hippocampus)
Term
Magnocellular cells
Definition
2 inner layers, larger receptive fields in the retina, not sensitive to color and respond strongly to moving stimuli, and to large overall patterns but not details (rods)
Term
Medial
Definition
toward the midline
Term
Medial geniculate nucleus
Definition
audio from thalamus, axon in ear
Term
Median eminence
Definition
contains blood vessels that form the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system. Axons of neuroendocrine cells that produce releasing hormones converge on the median eminence
Term
Medulla oblongata
Definition
basic life functions
Term
Metencephalon
Definition
Axons controlling sleep, arousal, and dreaming pass through, Raphe system – cell bodies for serotonin releasing neurons
Term
Motor Cortex
Definition
cortex that controls body movements
Term
Myelencephalon
Definition
Two general regions: Pyramid and Olive, Controls basic life functions (e.g., respiration, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, blood pressure), Afferent and Efferent fibers pass thru here
Term
Neuroendocrine cells
Definition
are specialized neurons that release hormones into the blood
Term
Occipital Lobe
Definition
analysis of visual information.
Term
Opsin
Definition
A protein found in rods and cones (each have a different type) that is responsive to different wavelengths of light.
Term
Optic Disk
Definition
portion of the retina that does not contain photoreceptors
Term
Oxytocin
Definition
involved in reproductive and parenting behavior, uterine contractions, and the milk letdown reflex
Term
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Definition
rest and restore, Activated during non stressful conditions or periods of recovery, Allows organism to replenish energy, Second synapse close (Discrete action)
Term
Parietal Lobe
Definition
Anterior portion (somatosensory cortex) Posterior
portion is involved in spatial perception.
Term
Parvocellular Cells
Definition
outer 4 layers, small receptive fields in the retina, mostly from in an near the FOVEA, specialize in visual detail and color (cones)
Term
Pheromone
Definition
chemicals released outside the body to affect other individuals of the same species are pheromones
Term
Photopigments
Definition
Responsible for the transduction of visual information, and contains “opsin” (protein) and “retinal” (lipid)
Term
Photoreceptors
Definition
detect light waves
Term
Pia Matter
Definition
delicate and is layer adjacent to CNS
Term
Pituitary Glands
Definition
releases important hormones and regulates other endocrine glands
Term
Posterior
Definition
Towards the Rear
Term
Posterior pituitary gland
Definition
releases two hormones into the bloodstream – Oxytocin and Vasopressin
Term
Protein Hormone
Definition
a string of amino acids
Term
Recognition
Definition
analyzes information from the PNS, makes decisions, and transmits decisions to glands, organs, and muscles for execution
Term
Releasing hormones
Definition
are used by the hypothalamus to control the release of tropic hormones
Term
Retina
Definition
contains the photoreceptors that convert light to a neural impulse 
(contains 6 different types of cells)
Term
Rhodopsin
Definition
is the type of photopigment found in rods.
Term
Rods
Definition
works in dim light (high sensitivity) but is insensitive to color (colorless), Rods release an inhibitory neurotransmitter
Term
Saccadic movement
Definition
rapid, jerky involuntary eye movements for accurate scanning of a visual scene.
Term
Sagital view of the brain
Definition
Shows structures viewed from the side
Term
Second Messenger
Definition
Protein and amine hormones bind to specific receptors on the surface of a cell and cause release of a chemical signal—a second messenger—in the cell
Term
Skull
Definition
outer bone covering the brain
Term
Somatic Nervous System
Definition
involved in communicating sensory information to the brain and spinal cord (Afferent nerves) and communicating motor functions from the brain and spinal cord to the periphery (Efferent nerves).
Term
Sensory Neurons
Definition
Sensory neurons are nerve cells within the nervous system responsible for converting external stimuli from the organism's environment into internal electrical impulses.
Term
Somatosensory cortex
Definition
Receives information about touch, pain, pressure, temperature, and body position.
Term
Steroid Hormones
Definition
derived from cholesterol and made of four rings of carbon atoms
Term
Subarachnoid space
Definition
blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid
Term
Superior Colliculi
Definition
relays visual information.
Term
Sympathetic nervous system
Definition
fight or flight, Activated during arousal and stressful periods, Mobilizes and uses stored and available energy
Term
Telencephalon
Definition
Limbic System and Basal Ganglia, Cerebral Cortex
Term
Temporal Love
Definition
includes the primary auditory cortex, a visual area and language centers (Wernicke’s area – impairment of language comprehension – jargon talk).
Term
Thalamus
Definition
major relay station for sensory and motor signals, Many nuclei (gray matter)- processing of signals
Term
Tropic hormones
Definition
are pituitary hormones that affect secretion by other endocrine glands, Tropic hormones have target glands with specific hormone receptors
Term
Ventral
Definition
toward the belly / bottom of head
Term
Ventral Root
Definition
motor neuron axons (cell bodies in Gray matter)
Term
Ventral Stream
Definition
What pathway
Term
Ventricles
Definition
Hollow interconnected chambers in the brain and spinal cord
Term
Wernicke's area
Definition
Wernicke's area is the region of the brain that is important in language development.
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