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Psych-Weiten E8-Ch. 8-Cognition + Intelligence
Psych 101- Textbook: Psych Themes & Variations 8E- Glossary flashcards from textbook mfr
30
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
07/28/2010

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Term
Availability heuristic
Definition
Basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind.
Term
Bounded rationality
Definition
The idea that people tend to use simple strategies in decision making that focus on only a few facets of available options and often result in “irrational” decisions that are less than optimal. See Theory of bounded rationality.
Term
Conjunction fallacy
Definition
An error that occurs when people estimate that the odds of two uncertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone.
Term
Convergent thinking
Definition
Narrowing down a list of alternatives to converge on a single correct answer.
Term
Correlation coefficient
Definition
A numerical index of the degree of relationship between two variables.
Term
Creativity
Definition
The generation of ideas that are original, novel, and useful.
Term
Decision making
Definition
The process of evaluating alternatives and making choices among them.
Term
Deviation IQ scores
Definition
Scores that locate subjects precisely within the normal distribution, using the standard deviation as the unit of measurement.
Term
Divergent thinking
Definition
Trying to expand the range of alternatives by generating many possible solutions.
Term
Functional fixedness
Definition
The tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use.
Term
Gambler’s fallacy
Definition
The belief that the odds of a chance event increase if the event hasn’t occurred recently.
Term
Heritability ratio
Definition
An estimate of the proportion of trait variability in a population that is determined by variations in genetic inheritance.
Term
Heuristic
Definition
A strategy, guiding principle, or rule of thumb used in solving problems or making decisions.
Term
Hill-climbling heuristic
Definition
A problem-solving approach that entails selecting the alternative at each choice point that appears to lead most directly to one’s goal.
Term
Insight
Definition
In problem solving, the sudden discovery of the correct solution following incorrect attempts based primarily on trial and error.
Term
Intelligence quotient (IQ)
Definition
A child’s mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100.
Term
Mental age
Definition
In intelligence testing, a score that indicates that a child displays the mental ability typical of a child of that chronological (actual) age.
Term
Mental set
Definition
Persisting in using problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past.
Term
Normal distribution
Definition
A symmetric, bell-shaped curve that represents the pattern in which many characteristics are dispersed in the population.
Term
Percentile score
Definition
A figure that indicates the percentage of people who score below the score one has obtained.
Term
Premises
Definition
The reasons presented to persuade someone that a conclusion is true or probably true.
Term
Problem solving
Definition
Active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily available.
Term
Reaction range
Definition
Genetically determined limits on IQ or other traits.
Term
Reification
Definition
Giving an abstract concept a name and then treating it as though it were a concrete, tangible object.
Term
Reliability
Definition
The measurement consistency of a test (or of other kinds of measurement techniques).
Term
Representativeness heuristic
Definition
Basing the estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event.
Term
Risky decision making
Definition
Making choices under conditions of uncertainty.
Term
Theory of bounded rationality
Definition
The idea that people tend to use simple strategies in decision making that focus on only a few facets of available options and often result in “irrational” decisions that are less than optimal.
Term
Trial and error
Definition
Trying possible solutions sequentially and discarding those that are in error until one works.
Term
Validity
Definition
The ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure.
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