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Psych-Weiten E8-Ch. 1-Evolution of Psych
Psych 101- Textbook: Psych Themes & Variations 8E - key points, names, dates
91
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
07/28/2010

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Term
Structuralism (1875)
Definition
the belief that researchers should use introspection to analyze consciousness into its basic elements. Most of their work related to internal observations.
Term
Functionalism(1890)
Definition
a belief that psych should focus on the adaptive functions and purpose of consciousness, flow, stream of consciousness, and adaptive behavior. i.e.What do people do and why?
Term
Psychoanalysis (1900)
Definition
the view that most behavior is determined by the unconscious and sexuality.
Term
Behaviorism (1910s) a.k.a. 'stimulu_response (S_R) psychology'
Definition
the premise that psychology should study only observable behavior for the purpose of verifiability.
Term
Humanism(1950s)
Definition
emphasized the unique qualities of human behavior and human freedom and our drive for personal growth.
Term
Cognitive psych (1950...60s)
Definition
view that human behavior cannot be fully understood without studying how people acquire, store, and process information
Term
Biological psych theory (1950...60s)
Definition
asserts that human and animal behavior can be explained through bodily structure and biochemical processes (physiology).
Term
Evolutionary psych (1980s)
Definition
examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for a species over the course of many generations. The premise is that natural selection favors behaviors that lead to reproductive success and survival.
Term
Positive psych (1990s)
Definition
uses theory and research to better understand the positive, adaptive, creative, and fulfilling aspects of human existence
Term
Psychology merged from what two disciplines in 1875?
Definition
philosophy and physiology.
Term
The word psych comes from what Greek words?
Definition
‘psyche ’meaning ‘soul ’, and ‘logos ’meaning ‘the study of ’•
Term
Psychology definition
Definition
the study of mental processes, behavior, their causes and relationships, and the application of what is learned to solve practical problems
Term
Psychology grew most rapidly where?
Definition
in North America; 23 research labs were built between 1883 and 1893
Term
Wilhelm Wundt (1832 ...1920)
Definition
father of psychology, started the first psych lab in Germany 1879, started the first psychology journal 1881
Term
What type of science is psychology?
Definition
Natural science and social science
Term
Who promoted structuralism?
Definition
Edward Titchener and Wundt
Term
William James (1842 ...1910)
Definition
an American, promoted functionalism. He studied habits and developed the concept of self.
Term
Who wrote principles of psychology in 1890?
Definition
William James
Term
What gave way to behaviorism and applied psychology and had a more lasting impact than structuralism?
Definition
Functionalism
Term
Other functionalists
Definition
G. Stanley Hall, James McKeen Cattell, John Dewey
Term
Sigmund Freud
Definition
Austrian physician who invented psychoanalysis. He studied mostly abnormal psych, dreams, and himself
Term
Psychoanalysis
Definition
the view that most behavior is determined by the unconscious and sexuality
Term
Erik Erikson
Definition
Who extended Freud's ideas across the developmental lifespan in his book 'Childhood and Society'?
Term
John Watson
Definition
Who led the behaviorist movement?
Term
Who emphasized the importance of the environment over heredity?
Definition
Watson and behaviorists
Term
Behavior
Definition
any observable response or activity by an organism
Term
Pavlov
Definition
Russian physiologist who showed that dogs could be trained to salivate in response to an auditory tone. This proved 'conditioned reflex'.
Term
What did B.F. Skinner show?
Definition
that organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes.
Term
Who said free will is an illusion because behavior is governed by external stimuli?
Definition
Skinner
Term
What school of thought did B.F. Skinner believe?
Definition
Behaviorism
Term
What did Skinner famously do?
Definition
trained pigeons to play ping-pong by manipulating rewards for their responses/actions
Term
Who led the humanism movement?
Definition
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
Term
What movements were humanists opposed to?
Definition
behaviorism and psychoanalysis
Term
What movement says research on animals has no relevance to understanding human behavior?
Definition
humanism
Term
What was the humanists greatest contribution to psychology?
Definition
innovative treatments including client centered therapy (Rogers)
Term
Applied Psychology
Definition
the branch of psych concerned with everyday, practical problems
Term
What caused the growth of clinical psychology in the 1940...50's?
Definition
World War II and the needs of the military (PTSD)
Term
Applied psychology encompasses six professional specialties
Definition
Acronym: FISCCC
Term
clinical psychology
Definition
the evaluation diagnosis and treatment of individuals with psychological disorders, as well as treatment of less severe behavior and emotional problems
Term
Counseling psychology
Definition
specialize in dealing with clientele who have everyday problems of lesser severity. These include family marital or career counseling
Term
School psychology
Definition
promote the cognitive, emotional, and social development of children in schools.
Term
Industrial/organizational psychology
Definition
tasks include running human resource departments working to improve staff morale and attitudes striving to increase job satisfaction and productivity examining organizational structures and procedures and making improvements to all.
Term
Clinical neuropsychology
Definition
the assessment and treatment of people who suffer from central nervous system dysfunctions due to head trauma dementia stroke, seizure disorders and other medical problems Forensic psychology the application of psychological principles to issues in the legal system such as child custody. mental competency, violence, commitm ent, and so forth.
Term
Cognitive Proponents
Definition
Jean Piaget, Noam Chomsky, Newell, Shaw, and Herbert Simon.
Term
Who showed the link between electrical brain stimulation and the evocation of emotions?
Definition
Olds
Term
Who showed that the right and left halves of the brain perform different functions?
Definition
Sperry
Term
Proponents of biological psych
Definition
Olds, Sperry, Hubal, and Wiesel.
Term
Cognition
Definition
the mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge
Term
What instigated greater interest in culture's impact on behavior in the 1980's?
Definition
travel to other countries and greater population diversity in the West.
Term
Cultural studies seek to understand what?
Definition
the unique experiences of other groups of people from their own viewpoint.
Term
Culture is what?
Definition
widely shared customs, beliefs, values, norms, institutions, and other products of a community that are transmitted socially across generations
Term
How is culture inside people?
Definition
Everything that happens to them is viewed through a way of thinking that cannot be set aside
Term
How is culture outside people?
Definition
one can identify customs, practices, and institutions that mold peoples behavior
Term
Proponents of evolutionary psych
Definition
David Buss, Martin Daly, Margo Wilson, Leda Cosmides, and John Tooby.
Term
Some of the evolutionary psych studies have involved what subjects?
Definition
mating, jealousy, decision making, personality, and development
Term
Late 1990s
Definition
when did the positive psychology movement start?
Term
Who started the positive psych movement because his 5 y.o. daughter said he was grumpy too often?
Definition
Martin Seligman. He realized it was a trait common to psychology, at large.
Term
Who are other proponents of positive psych?
Definition
Csikszentmihalyi, Peterson, Barbara Fredrickson
Term
What are the three areas of positive psych?
Definition
positive subjective experiences (emotions), positive individual traits, positive institutions and communities
Term
What are the main work arenas for psychologists today?
Definition
Acronym: PCHB...private practice, colleges and universities, hospitals and clinics, business and government.
Term
9 Research Areas
Definition
Acronym- DCSHEEPPP Developmental, Cognitive, Social, Health, Experimental, Education, Physiological, Personality, Psychometrics
Term
Developmental psychology
Definition
examines human development across the lifespan
Term
Social psychology
Definition
focuses on interpersonal behavior and the role of social forces in governing our behavior. Topics include attitudes, prejudices, conformity attraction, aggression, intimate relationships and group behavior.
Term
Experimental psychology
Definition
focuses on structural psychology subject matter including sensation, perception, learning, conditioning, motivation, and emotion.
Term
Physiological psychology
Definition
examines the biological basis of behavior...influence of genetic factors, the role of the brain and nervous system, endocrine system, and bodily chemicals.
Term
Cognitive psychology
Definition
focuses on higher mental processes such as memory, reasoning, information processing, language, problem solving, decision making, and creativity.
Term
Personality
Definition
focuses on describing and understanding individual consistency and behavior, which represents their personality. This includes factors that shape personality as well as personality assessment. Psychometrics data analysis...involved with the design of tests to assess personality, intelligence, and other abilities, as well as the development of techniques for statistical analysis.
Term
Educational psychology
Definition
studies how people learn and the best ways to teach them.
Term
Health psychology
Definition
focuses on how psychological factors relate to the promotion and maintenance of physical health, and the causation, prevention, and treatment of illness.
Term
Themes regarding psychology as a field of study are
Definition
Psychology is empirical, theoretically diverse, and evolves in a socio-historical context
Term
Empiricism
Definition
objective observations made through research
Term
Theory
Definition
a system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations.
Term
Sociohistoric context
Definition
trends, issues, and values in society influence psychology's evolution and vice versa
Term
Themes regarding the subject matter of psychology
Definition
behavior is determined by multiple causes, cultural heritage, heredity and environment (jointly), and peoples’ experience of the world is highly subjective.
Term
Mary Whiton Calkins (1863 ...1930 )
Definition
Studied with James,Founded an early psychology lab in 1891, invented a technique for studying memory. Became the first woman president of the APA. Denied a PhD by Harvard, because she was a woman.
Term
Margaret Floy Washburn (1871...1939)
Definition
The first woman to receive a PhD in psychology. Wrote " The Animal Mind" in 1908, and early treatise on behaviorism.
Term
Leta Hollingworth (1886 ...1939)
Definition
Pioneered work in adolescent development, mental retardation, and gifted children. The first to use the term gifted to refer to highly intelligent kids. Did studies that refuted the inferiority of women
Term
Kenneth & Mamie Clark
Definition
who published landmark research on prejudice in 1947, cited in segregation rulings by the Supreme Court?
Term
Alfred Binet
Definition
who developed the first successful personality test in France in 1905?
Term
Abraham Maslow
Definition
Who wrote 'Motivation and Personality' regarding the hierarchy of human needs in 1954?
Term
Stanley Milgram
Definition
who did the prisoner/prison guard study about obedience to authority in 1963?
Term
Eleanor Maccoby/Carol Jacklin
Definition
who published landmark research on gender differences in 1974?
Term
Elizabeth Loftus
Definition
who did research on the fallibility of memory?
Term
Daniel Kahneman
Definition
who won the Nobel Prize in 2002 for research on decision making?
Term
Critical thinking is
Definition
the use of cognitive skills and strategies that increase the probability of a desirable outcome. It is sometimes called transcontextual skills.
Term
The disposition of a successful critical thinker is
Definition
flexible, vigilant, able to admit mistakes, and mindful of the thinking process.
Term
Critical thinking is purposeful, reasoned, goal directed thinking that involves
Definition
solving problems, formulating inferences, working with probabilities, and making carefully thought out decisions. •
Term
Good critical thinkers understand and use
Definition
the principles of scientific investigation. •
Term
Scientific investigators
Definition
apply the rules of logic, evaluate the quality of information, and analyze arguments for the soundness of the conclusions
Term
Will critical thinking skills develop on their own?
Definition
No, they must be taught
Term
Critical thinkers
Definition
Who looks for alternative explanations and for contradictory evidence?
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