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psych vocab 2
biopsych vocab
67
Psychology
Not Applicable
01/20/2005

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Term
Absolute refractory period
Definition
The minimum length of time after an action potential during which another action potential to cannot began
Term
action potential
Definition
a brief change in a neuron's electrical charge
Term
Adaptation
Definition
An inherited characteristic that increased in population (through natural selection) because it helped solve a problem of survival or the reproduction during the time it emerged
Term
afferent nerve fibers
Definition
Axons that carry information inward to the central nervous system from the periphery of the body
Term
Agonist
Definition
The chemical that mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
Term
Alzheimer's disease
Definition
And this quarter that usually begins after people reach age 50 and is always fatal; it results from widespread damage to the brain, including the hippocampus, and produces deterioration in personality, emotions, cognitive processes, and memory.
Term
Antagonist
Definition
a chemical that opposes the action of a neurotransimtter
Term
Autonomic nervous system
Definition
the system of nerves that connect to the heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles, and glands.
Term
Axon
Definition
a long thin fiber that transmits signals awawy from the neuron cell body to other neurons, or to muscle or glands
Term
Behavioral genetics
Definition
an interdisciplinary field that studies the influence of genetic factors on behavioral traits.
Term
Central nervous system
Definition
the brain and the spinal cord
Term
cerebral cortex
Definition
the convoluted outer layer of the cerebrum
Term
cerebral hemispheres
Definition
the right and left halves of the cerebrum
Term
cerebrospinal fluid
Definition
a solution that fills the hollow cavities of the brain and circulates around the brain and spinal cord
Term
Chromosomes
Definition
threadlike strands of DNA molecules that carry genetic information
Term
Corpus callosum
Definition
the structure that connects the two cerebral hemispheres
Term
Critical period
Definition
a limited time span in the development of an organism when it is optimal for certain capacities to emerge because the organism is especially responsive to certain experiences
Term
Dendrites
Definition
branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information
Term
Dominant gene
Definition
a gene that is expressed when paired genes are heterozygous
Term
Efferent nerve fibers
Definition
axons that carry information outward from the CNS to the periphery of the body
Term
EEG
Definition
a device that moniters the electrical activity of the brain over time by means of recording electrodes attached to the surface of the scalp
Term
endocrine system
Definition
a group of glands that secrete chemicals into the bloodstream that help control bodily fuctioning
Term
Endorphins
Definition
the eintire family of internally produced chemicals that resemble opiates in structure and effects
Term
Excitatory PSP
Definition
an electic potential that increases the likelihood that a postsynaptic neuron will fire action potentials
Term
forebrain
Definition
the largest and most complicated region of the brain, encompassing a variety of structures including the thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, and cerebrum
Term
fraternal twins
Definition
twins that result when two eggs are fertilized by different sperm cells, forming two separate zygotes.
Term
Genes
Definition
DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmissions
Term
Genetic mapping
Definition
the process of determining the location and chemical sequence of specific genes of specific chromosomes
Term
Genotype
Definition
a person's genetic makeup
Term
Glial cell
Definition
cells in the nervous system that have atleast three functions: they provide scaffolding to guide the growth of developing neurons and support mature neurons; they wrap themselves around neurons and form a kind of insulation to prevent interference from other electical signals; and they release chemicals that influence a neuron's growth and function
Term
Heterozygous condition
Definition
The situation that occurs when two genes ina specific pair are different
Term
hindbrain
Definition
the part of the brain that includes the cerebellum and two structures found in the lower part of the brainstem: the medulla and the pons
Term
Homozygous conditions
Definition
the situation that occurs when two genesin a specific pair are the same
Term
Hormones
Definition
chemical substances released by the endocrine glands
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
a structure found near the base of the forebrain that is involved in the regulation of basic biological needs
Term
identical twins
Definition
twins that emerge from one zygone that split for unknown reasons.
Term
inhibitory PSP
Definition
an electic potential that decreses the likelihood that a postsynaptic neuron will fire action potentials
Term
Interneuron
Definition
a relatively short neuron whose primary task is to make connections between other neurons
Term
Lesioning
Definition
destroying a piece of the brain
Term
Limbic system
Definition
a densely connected network of structures roughly located along the border between the cerebal cortex and deeper subcortial areas
Term
midbrain
Definition
the segment of the brain stem that lies between the hindbrain and the forebrain
Term
Monogamy
Definition
a mating system in which one male and one female mate exclusively or almost exclusively, with each other
Term
Mutation
Definition
a spontaneous, heritable change in a piece of DNA that occurs in the individual organism
Term
myelin sheath
Definition
insulating material, derived from glial cells, that encases some axons of neurons
Term
Natural selection
Definition
...you know what natrual selection is
Term
Nerves
Definition
bundles of neuron fibers that are routed together in the peripheral nervous system
Term
neurons
Definition
individual cells in the nervous system that recieve, integrate and transmit information
Term
neurotransmitters
Definition
chemicals that transmit information from one neuron to another
Term
Parasympathetic division
Definition
the branch of the autonomic nervous system that generally conserves bodily resources
Term
perceptual asymmetries
Definition
left-right imbalances between the cerebral hemispheres in the speed of visual or auditory processing
Term
Peripheral nervous system
Definition
all those nerves that lie outside the brain and spinal cord
Term
Phenotype
Definition
the ways in which a person's genotype is manifested in observable characteristics
Term
Pituitary gland
Definition
the master gland of the endocrine system; it releases a great variety of hormones that fan out through the body, stimulating actions in the other endocrine glands
Term
Polyandry
Definition
a mating system in which each female seeks to mate with multiple males, while each male mates with only one female
Term
Polygenic traits
Definition
charateristics that are influenced by more than one pair of genes
Term
polygymy
Definition
a mating system in which each male seeks to mate with multiple females, while each female mates with only one male
Term
postsynaptic potential
Definition
a voltage change at the receptor site on a postsynaptic cell membrane
Term
recessive gene
Definition
a gene whose influence is masked when paired genes are different
Term
reuptake
Definition
a process in which neurotransmitters are sponged up from the synaptic cleft by the presynaptic membrane
Term
soma
Definition
the cell body of a neuron; it contains the nucleus and much of the chemical machinery common to most cells
Term
somatic nervous system
Definition
the system of nerves that connect to voluntary skeletal muscles and to sensory receptors
Term
sympathetic division
Definition
the branch of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes the body's resources for emergencies
Term
synapse
Definition
a junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to the next
Term
synaptic cleft
Definition
a microscopic gap between the terminal button of a neuron and the cell membrane and another neuron
Term
terminal buttons
Definition
small knobs at the end of axons that secrete chemicals called neurotransmitters
Term
thalamus
Definition
a structure in the forebrain through which all sensory information must pass to get to the cerebral cortex
Term
zygote
Definition
a one celled organism formed by the union of a sperm and an egg
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