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Psych Test 2!!
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67
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
02/16/2009

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Term
Stages of Prenatal Development
Definition
Germinal Period, Embryonic, and Fetal Period
Term
Germinal Period
Definition
0-2 weeks, period of prenatal development from conception to implantation of fertilized egg in wal of uterus.
Term
Embryonic period
Definition
2-8 weeks, heartbeat begins; recognizable body parts appear; sexual differentiation begins
Term
Fetal period
Definition
9th week to birth; last 3 months, rapid growth of body and brain
Term
teratogens
Definition
environmental agents such as disease organisms or drugs that can potentailly damage the developing embryo or fetus
Term
morning sickness theories
Definition
it is believed that morning sickness is a defense agaisnt teratogens
Term
critical period of development
Definition
first 8 weeks when fetus or embryo is most succeptible to damage
Term
factors causing female reproductive system to develop
Definition
high levels of estrogen in the body lead to external changes such as breast development and broadening hips and eventually the beginning menarche
Term
androgens
Definition
hormones that cause boys to mature sexually.
Term
Menarche
Definition
first menstrual flow, occurs around age 12 or 13
Term
motor development
Definition
most babys crawl, stand, and walk at roughly same ages
Term
longitudinal design
Definition
a research design in which the same people are studied or tested repeatedly over time
Term
cross-sectional design
Definition
a research design in which people of different ages are compared at the same time
Term
habituation
Definition
the decline in responsiveness to a stimulus that is repeatedly presented
Term
adolescense
Definition
hormones released by endocrine system give us growth spurt and puberty
Term
babies possess three characteristics
Definition
they show preferences, novelty, and they learn
Term
The Preference Technique
Definition
developed by Fantz-infant presented with two displays and the researcher records how long the baby looks at each, showing preference
Term
Habituation Techniques
Definition
showing blue card, seeing how it responds, it gets used to it, then show same card different color to see if it can differentiate
Term
Using Rewards
Definition
teaching babies to learn to kick legs when mobile is there shows they have learned to stimulate the mobile with their legs
Term
assimilation
Definition
the process through which we fit, or assimilate, new experiences into existing schemate
Term
accommodation
Definition
the process through which we change or modify existing schematat to accommodate new experiences.
Term
schemata
Definition
mental models of the world that we sue to guide and interpet our experiences
Term
cognitive development is guided by what two adaptive physchological processes
Definition
assimilation and accommodation
Term
Sensorimotor period
Definition
Piaget's first stage of cognitive development, lasting from birthy to about 2 years of age; schemata revolve around sensory and motor abilities
Term
object performance
Definition
the ability to recognize that objects still exist when they're no longer in sight
Term
Preoperational period
Definition
Piaget's second stage of cognitive development, lasting from ages 2 to about 7; children begin to think symbolically but often lack the ability to perform mental operations such as conservation
Term
Principle of Conseravation
Definition
the ability to recognize that physical properties of an object remian the same despite superficial changes in teh objects appearance
Term
Concrete operational period
Definition
Piaget's third stage of cognitive development, lasting from ages 7 to 11. Children acquire the capacity to perform a number ofm ental operations but still lack the ability for the abstract reasoning
Term
Formal operational period
Definition
Piaget's last stage of cognitive development; thought processes become adult-like, and people gain mastery over abstract thinking.
Term
attachments
Definition
strong emotional ties formed to one or more intimate companions
Term
contact comfort
Definition
the degree of warm physical contact
Term
temperament
Definition
a childs general level of emotional reactivity
Term
Temperaments: easy, difficult, inhibited, uninhibited
Definition
happy, trouble maintaing good mood, shy or fearful, show little negative reaction to unfamiliar.
Term
strange situations test
Definition
gradually subjecting a child to stressful situation and observing his or her behavior toward the parent or caregiver. This test is used to classify children according to type of attachment-secure, resistant, avoidant, or disorganized/disoriented.
Term
secure attachment
Definition
with parent in room the child plays, when parent leaves it crys
Term
resistant attachment
Definition
these children lack trust for parent and refuse to leave mothers side to play. when left they cry and when mother comes back they dont greet her with affection
Term
avoidant attachment
Definition
these children show no attachment to mother. not bothered by strangers, no concern when mother leaves. parents of these kids tend to be unresponsive to kid
Term
disorganized/disoriented attachment
Definition
these children react to strange situation test with inconsistent responses
Term
personal identity
Definition
a sense of who one is as an individual and how well one measures up agaisnt peers
Term
Infancy and Childhood
Trust vs. Mistrust
Definition
developing a sense of trust in others; will the people around me fulfill my needs
Term
infancy childhood
Autonomy vs. shame or doubt (terrible twos)
Definition
developing a sense of self-control; am I in charge of my own actions?
Term
Infancy Childhood
Initiative vs. Guilt
Definition
Developing a sense of one's own drive and initiative: Can i carry out plans? Should I feel guilty for trying to carry out my own plans
Term
Industry vs. role confusion
Definition
developing a sense of personal ability and competence: can i learn and develop new skills
Term
Identity vs. role confusion
(adolescence)
Definition
developing a single, unified concept of self, a sense of personal identity: who am i
Term
Intimacy vs. isolation
Definition
questioning the meaning of our relationships with others, or will my personal insecurities lead to isolation?
Term
Generativity vs. stagnation
Definition
concern over whether one has contributed to the success of children and future generations; have i contributed to the community at large?
Term
Integrity vs. despair
Definition
acceptance of one's life-successes and failures: Am I content looking back on my life?
Term
ageism
Definition
discrimination or prejudice agaisnt an individual based on physical age.
Term
attention
Definition
the internal processes used to set priorities for mental functioning
Term
cocktail party effect
Definition
the ability to focus on one auditory message and ignore others; also refers to the tendency to notice when your name suddenly appears in a message that you've been actively ignoring
Term
dichotic listening
Definition
different auditory messages are presented separately and simultaneously to each ear. the subjects task is to repeat aloud one message while ignoring the other.
Term
visual neglect
Definition
damage to the right parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex can produce an odd and complex disorder of attention
Term
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Definition
a psychological disorder marked by difficulties in concentrating or in sustaining attention for extended periods; can be associated with hyperactivity
Term
automaticity
Definition
fast and effortless processing that requires little or no focused attention
Term
circadian rhythms
Definition
biological activities that rise and fall in accordance with a 24 hour cycle.
Term
stage 1 sleep
Definition
theta waves
Term
stage 2 sleep
Definition
sleep spindles, K complexes
Term
delta activity
Definition
the pattern of brain activity observed in stage 3 and 4 sleep; it's characterized by synchronized slow waves. also called slow-wave sleep
Term
REM
Definition
stage of sleep characterized by rapied e movements and low amplitude, irregular EEG patterns resembling those found in the waking brain. REM is typically associated with dreaming.
Term
parasomnias
Definition
abnormal disturbances that occur during sleep. nightmares, night terrors, sleepwalking
Term
psychoactive drugs
Definition
drugs that affect behavior and mental processes through alterations of conscious awareness
Term
tolerance
Definition
an adaptation made by the body to compensate for the continued use of a drug, such that increasing amounts of the drug are needed to produce the same physical and behavioral effects
Term
drug dependency
Definition
a condition in which on experiences a physical or psychological need for continued use of a drug
Term
stimulants
Definition
a class of drugs that increase central nervous system activity enhacning nueral transmission- caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine, MDMA
Term
depressants
Definition
class of drugs that slows or depresses ongoing activity of central nervous system- Ethyl alcohol, barbiturates, tranquilizers
Term
opiates
Definition
Depresses CNS activity, reduces pain, and produces euphoria-opium, heroin, morphine
Term
hallucinogens
Definition
class of drugs that disrupt normal mental functioning like altering reality/ distorting perception- LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, marijuana
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