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Psych of Infant
Exam One
78
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
09/11/2010

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Term
continuity
Definition
Characterization of development as a gradual, smooth process of change.
Term
discontinuity
Definition
Characterization of development as occurring in distinct phases, with qualitative differences between stages.
Term
homunculus
Definition
A supposed microscopic but fully formed human being from which a fetus was formerly believed to develop
Term
preformationism
Definition
The notion that the form of living things in some sense preexists their development.
Term
tabula rasa
Definition
an absence of preconceived ideas or predetermined goals; a clean slate. The human mind, esp. at birth, viewed as having no innate ideas. Idea that individuals are born without built-in mental content and that their knowledge comes from experience and perception.
Term
Locke
Definition
Advocate for the idea tabula rasa. Idea of mind v. brain. Each individual was free to define the content of his or her character - but his or her basic identity as a member of the human species cannot be so altered. Chidren's beh and knowledge are derived from experience, rather than being innately predetermined. He advised parents against forcing or coercing children or acting in ways that would discourage their natural curiosity.
Term
Rousseau
Definition
He asserted that parents needed to be aware of and shape children's natural tendencies in order to create morally desirable individuals embodying traits of humility, chastity, and honesty. (ex: Instead of confining infants in swaddling clothes, he advised parents to adopt childrearing practices that would allow the infant to be active and free to move. "Noble savage"
Term
Gesell
Definition
Carried out methodologically rigorous and innovative studies of early physical growth and motor development. First to compare twins and use motion pictures in research. Studied physical, motor and perceptual development. (pg 29) Came to the conclusion that infants have an innate ability to develop in optimal ways, despite variability in experience.
Term
Freud
Definition
Psychosexual Theory, stages:
- Id: biological needs and desires
- Ego: conscious, rational
- Superego: Conscience
Term
parsimony
Definition
The scientific principle that things are usually connected or behave in the simplest or most economical way, esp. with reference to alternative evolutionary pathways. Few explanatory principles to explain broad sets of observations.
Term
organismic
Definition
Psychological structures exist within child to underlie and control development.
Term
mechanismic
Definition
Environment stimulates change.
Term
niche
Definition
How we live.
Term
Gibson
Definition
Ecological approach. Information comes from: environment and events.
Term
affordance
Definition
(How does the surface afford walking?) An affordance is a quality of an object, or an environment, that allows an individual to perform an action.
Term
theory
Definition
Set of concepts or propositions that organize, describe and explain.
Term
behaviorism
Definition
Watson, Skinner: Response to the environment, Classical Conditioning, Drive Reduction Theory, Operant Conditioning; Reinforcers, Punishment
Term
heuristic
Definition
Framework for why things happen, characteristic of theories.
Term
falsifiable
Definition
Disconfirm, characteristic of theories.
Term
Erikson
Definition
Psychosocial, Neo-Freudian, Trust v. Mistrust (birth - 1), Autonomy v. Shame (1 -3).
Term
modeling
Definition
Part of the Social Learning Theory, live, symbolic, by model, third person, by behavior, vicarious.
Term
dynamic
Definition
Changes?
Term
systems
Definition
Social influences grouped into ever-changing systems.

1. Microsystems
2. Mesosystems: connection between microsystems (ex: day-care)
3. Exosystem: Indirect, settings in which the person does not actively participate but in which significant decisions are made affecting the individuals who do
4. Macrosystem: ideology, systems, laws
5. Chronosystem: time
Term
ZPD
Definition
Zone of Proximal Development, Actual Dev Level v. Potential Dev Level. The difference between what a learner can do without help and what he or she can do with help.
Term
Darwin
Definition
Term
evolution
Definition
Term
natural selection
Definition
Genes promoting behaviors that contributes to survival and successful reproduction will be common in the next generation than those that don't.
Term
reproductive fitness
Definition
Extent to which one's genes are represent in gene pool of the next generation.
Term
ethology
Definition
The study of human behavior and social organization from a biological perspective. Adaptive or survival values of behavior and their evolutionary history, Imprinting (Lorenz), Critical period (strict timelines), Sensitive period (best time to learn something), assumes that behavior is genetically controlled.
Term
reliable
Definition
Is it repeatable?
Term
valid
Definition
Is it accurate?
Term
narrative record
Definition
Naturalistic observation, To record all case activity and required documentation that is handwritten.
Term
IV
Definition
The conditions that they are interested in studying
Term
DV
Definition
In order to see how the affect behaviors of interest
Term
longitudinal
Definition
Charts individual change or stability over time. Can reveal relations between early functioning and later development; is ideal for showing long-term effects of interventions. Time-consuming, expensive, susceptible to attrition of participants over time. Results may apply only to the cohort of participants studied.
Term
sequential
Definition
Ss from different age groups studied repeatedly over a period of months or years.
Term
cross-sectional
Definition
Does not provide information about individual change or stability. Does not provide information about participants at later ages. Economical and efficient, with lower chance of attrition. Does not differentiate between differences due to age and differences due to cohort.
Term
habituation
Definition
Repeatedly showing them something. Downward sloping line, change in attention w/repetition, 50% reduction in looking,
Term
familiarization
Definition
Measured by amount of looking time.
Term
ERP
Definition
Event-Related Potential, useful in the study of infants' cognitive abilities, including attention, memory and language comprehension. Measures electrical activity resulting from the presentation of discrete stimuli. Problems: Muscle or eye movements can produce responses that are not related to the stimulus under study.
Term
autosome
Definition
Any chromosome that isn't an sex-chromosome. 22 pairs.
Term
haploid
Definition
n (sperm and ovum)
Term
diploid
Definition
2n (autosomes)
Term
sperm
Definition
Head: Haploid nucleus covered by cap-like acrosome (substance that allows ovum penetration), Body: Mitochondria, Tail: Flagellum for movement.
Term
ovum
Definition
23 chromosomes (?), Large, fatty, mostly nucleus, contained in a jelly-like layer. Housed in follicle.
Term
fertilization
Definition
1. Sperm surrounds ovum.
2. Ovum has plasma membrane, glycoprotein envelop, and jelly coating.
3. Acrosome enzymes digest covering around egg.
4. Filament attaches to receptor on jelly layer.
5. Filament and receptor reaction species-specific (true of most organisms).
6. Fusion: Zygote forms.
Term
trophoblast
Definition
1st week. Outer single layer of cells, gives rise to the chorion. Secretes enzymes to digest away some tissue and blood vessel of the uterine wall.
Term
blastula
Definition
Sphere of cells. No more reduction division. Mitosis occurs and creates a morula which turns into a blastula.
Term
zygote
Definition
1st stage of development. Nuclear fusion occurs, 23 pairs of chromosomes.
Term
morula
Definition
Ball of cells, forms into the blastula. The morula is produced by embryonic cleavage, the rapid division of the zygote.
Term
gastrula
Definition
More rapid division of cells at one end of blastula, causes in pocketing known as gastrula. Two germs layers initially present.
Term
embryo
Definition
Implantation, when zygote travels down the oviduct and implants uterine wall between 7th and 9th day. During traveling cellular division is occurring.
Term
cleavage
Definition
Beginning in oviduct. Hollow mass of cells. 3rd day embryo reaches uterus and becomes a morula. By 5th day it becomes a blastocyst.
Term
blastocoel
Definition
Fluid-filled cavity contained in within blastocyst, responsible for nutrient-waste exchange.
Term
ectoderm
Definition
Skin, hair, nails, brain. nervous system, lining of the mouth, lining of the rectum.
Term
mesoderm
Definition
Muscle, skeleton, circulatory system, excretory system (cept bladder), gonads, dermis.
Term
endoderm
Definition
Lining of digestive system, respiratory tract, parts of the liver, pancreas, lining of bladder.
Term
notochord
Definition
Neurogenesis, newly formed mesoderm cells along main axis coalesce to form dorsal notachord, later to be replaced by vertebral column.
Term
neural tube
Definition
Neurogenesis. Cells on dorsal surface of embryo thicken forming neural plate. Neural folds develop on either sides of neural groove. Becomes neural tube when folds fuse. Top of neural tube swells, and anterior end develops into the brain. Formed from ectoderm.
Term
neural plate
Definition
Develops 1st and fastest, from ectoderm. Cells on dorsal surface of embryo thicken to form neural plate. The brain and the spinal cord develop from an ectodermal plate that thickens and then folds upon itself to become a neural tube.
Term
neural grove
Definition
Neurogenesis. Neural folds develop on either sides of the neural groove.
Term
neural fold
Definition
After differentiation it turns into the neural tubes.
Term
morphogenesis
Definition
Developmental Process. Change in shape and form of a body part, cell migration and pattern formation.
Term
stem cell
Definition
Undifferentiated cells, can become anything. During implantation.
Term
amnion
Definition
Surrounds embryo, cushions it with fluids. Amnion and its cavity are where the fetus (embryo) dev. Its fluid protects against thermal changes.
Term
umbilical cord
Definition
Connects fetus to placenta.
Term
placenta
Definition
Develops from cells in the trophoblast and from cells in the uterine lining. Contains a network of blood vessels and is connected to the embyro by the umbilical cord. Separates mother's blood stream from embryo (fetal) blood stream, nutrient/waste exchange.
Term
chorion
Definition
Developed in fetal half of placenta. Surrounds the amnion, outer layer of amniotic sac, produce villi (blood vessels). Made possible by trophoblast. Support structure.
Term
lanugo
Definition
Fire hair present on body, 4th mo.
Term
vernix
Definition
4th mo., waxy substance that protects fetus.
Term
quickening
Definition
5th mo. Increase in fetal activity, you can actually feel it moving around.
Term
fetus
Definition
8th week.
Term
What are baby biographies and how are/ were they used to study child development?
Definition
Observation records made by parents or other caregivers of an infants' early development. Gave legitimacy to the systematic study of children.
Term
What are the characteristics of the scientific method?
Definition
Emprical - use sense to describe
Purpose - reasons why we want to know somthing
Systematic - testing, very specific
Replicable - can this be duplicated?
Communicative - articles, journals
Self-correcting - people scrutinizing, new technology
Cumulative endeavor - everyone coming together
Term
What are some of the challenges to studying infant?
Definition
Limited language and verbal ability, lack of reading ability, limited response capabilities, limited attention, crying/fussing, sleep.
Term
What research strategies are used to study infants and why?
Definition
1. Preferential looking - looking longer at thins they are interested in.
2. Reaching - reach for things they can grab or are interested in
3. Habituation - repeatedly showing them something
4. HAS - sucking
5. ERP - looking at scalp impulses
Term
How does fertilization of the ovum occur?
Definition
Fert becomes possible when an egg matures in one of the ovaries, a process that occurs over a continuous 28-day cycle.
Term
What are Bowlby’s four distinguishing characteristics of attachment?
Definition
1. Proximity maintenance: the desire to be near
2. Safe haven:returning to attachment figure for comfort.
3. Secure Base: attachment figure acts as base for exploration.
4. Separation distress: anxiety due to separation.
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