Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Psych GRE - Princeton Review
Memory
32
Psychology
Graduate
11/03/2010

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Sensory Memory
Definition
Lasts only for seconds
Forms the connection between perception and memory
Term
Iconic Memory
Definition
Sensory memory for vision studied by George Sperling. He found that people could see more than they remember.
Term
Ulric Neisser
Definition
Coined the term icon for brief visual memory and found that an icon lasts for about one second. When subjects are exposed to a bright flash or new pattern before the iconic image fades, the first image will be erased.
Term
Echoic Memory
Definition
sensory memory for auditory sensations.
Term
Short Term Memory
Definition
Temporary: Lasts for seconds or minutes
Term
Working Memory
Definition
the temporary memory that is needed to perform the task that someone is working on at that moment
Term
George Miller
Definition
found that short term memory has the capacity of about seven items (+ or - 2 items)
Term
Chunking
Definition
grouping items can increase the capacity of Short term memory.
Term
Rehearsal
Definition
repeating or practicing is the key to keeping items in short term memory, and to transferring items into long term memory.
Term
Primary (Maintenance) Rehearsal
Definition
involves organizing and understanding material in order to transfer it to Long term memory.
Term
Interference of Short Term Memory
Definition
other information or distractions cause one to forget items in short term memory.
Term
Proactive Interference
Definition
Disrupting information that was learned before the new items were presented, such as a list of similar words. --> Causes proactive inhibition.
Term
Retroactive Interference
Definition
Disrupting information that was learned after the new items were presented.
Term
Long Term Memory
Definition
Capable of permanent retention
Most items are learned semantically, for meaning
Not subject to primacy and recency effects.
Measured by cognition, recall and savings
Term
Recognition
Definition
requires subjects to recognize things learned in the past. Multiple Choice tests tap recognition.
Term
Recall
Definition
requires that subjects generate information on their own. Example: Fill in the blank.
Term
Encoding Specificity Principle
Definition
LTM is subject to material more likely being remembered if it is retrieved in the same context in which it was stored.
Term
Episodic Memory
Definition
Consists of details, events and discrete knowledge
Term
Semantic Memory
Definition
consists of general knowledge of the world
Term
Procedural Memory
Definition
knowing "how to" do something
Term
Declarative Memory
Definition
Knowing a fact
Term
Explicit Memory
Definition
knowing something and being consciously aware of knowing it
Term
Implicit Memory
Definition
knowing something without being aware of knowing it.
Term
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Definition
the first to study memory systematically.
Proposed a forgetting curve that depicts a sharp drop in savings immediately after learning and then levels off, with a slight downward trend.
Term
Frederick Bartlett
Definition
found that memory was reconstructive rather than rote. People often remember semantics rather than details and grammar.
Term
Allan Paivio
Definition
suggested the dual code hypothesis.
Items will be better remembered if they are encoded both visually (with icons) & semantically (with understanding).
Term
Fergus Craik & Robert Lockhart
Definition
learning and recall depend on depth of processing.
phonological --> deep semantic. The deeper an item is processed, the easier it is to learn and recall.
Term
Behaviorists on Memory
Definition
Paired-Associate learning: one item is learned with, and then cues the recall of another.
Term
Elizabeth Loftus
Definition
found that memory of traumatic events is altered by the event itself.
Term
Karl Lashley
Definition
memories are stored diffusely in the brain.
Term
Donald Hebb & E.R. Kandel
Definition
memory involves changes in synapses and neural pathways, making a memory tree.
Term
Brenda Milner
Definition
Patient "HM": lesion to hippocampus to treat epilepsy. He remembered things before the surgery (intact STM), could not store any new long-term memories.
Supporting users have an ad free experience!