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Psych Final Exam
Psych Final Exam Flash Cards
134
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
12/04/2010

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Term
motivation
Definition

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

 

Term
instinct
Definition
a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
Term
drive-reduction theory
Definition
the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
Term
incentive
Definition
a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
Term
hierarchy of needs
Definition
Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active
Term
basal metabolic rate
Definition
the body's resting rate of energy expenditure
Term
anorexia nervosa
Definition
an eating disorder in which a person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve
Term
bulimia nervosa
Definition
an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise
Term
binge-eating disorder
Definition
significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa
Term
achievement motivation
Definition
a desire for significant accomplishment; for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for rapidly attaining a high standard
Term
emotion
Definition
a response of the whole organism, involving physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience
Term
James-Lange Theory
Definition
the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
Term
Cannon-Bard Theory
Definition
the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus  simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion
Term
two-factor theory
Definition
the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion on must by physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal
Term
polygraph
Definition
a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes)
Term
catharis
Definition
emotional release. In psychology, the catharis hypothesis maintains that "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges
Term
feel-good, do-good phenomenon
Definition
people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood
Term
subjective well-being
Definition
self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people's quality of life
Term
adaption-level phenomenon
Definition
our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience
Term
relative deprivation
Definition
the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself
Term
stress
Definition
the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging
Term
general adaptation syndrome
Definition
Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in the three states--alarm, resistance, exhaustion
Term
free association
Definition
in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
Term
psychoanalysis
Definition
Freud's theory of personality that attributes throughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions
Term
unconscious
Definition
according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. Aaccording to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware
Term
psychosexual stages
Definition
the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phalic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
Term
Oedipus Complex
Definition
according to Freud,  a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy or hatred for the rival father
Term
identification
Definition
the process by which, according to Freud, children incorperate their parents' values into their developing superegos
Term
fixation
Definition
according to Freud,  a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved
Term
defense mechanisms
Definition
in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
Term
repression
Definition
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
Term
regression
Definition
psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated
Term
reation formation
Definition
psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus,  people may express feelings that are the oppostire of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings
Term
projection
Definition
psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
Term
rationalism
Definition
defense mechanism  that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons reasons for one's actions
Term
displacement
Definition
psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet
Term
denial
Definition
defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities
Term
collective unconscious
Definition
Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces form our species' history
Term
projective test
Definition
a personality test, such as the Roschach of TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics
Term
Rorschach inkblot test
Definition
the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
Term
terror-management theory
Definition
a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death
Term
self-actualization
Definition
according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential
Term
unconditional positive regard
Definition
according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person
Term
self-concept
Definition
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "who am I?"
Term
trait
Definition
a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports
Term
personality inventory
Definition
a questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits
Term
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Definition
the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders, this test is now used for many other screening purposes
Term
empirically derived test
Definition
a test, such as the MMPI, developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups
Term
social-cognitive perspective
Definition
views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits and their social context
Term
reciprocal determinism
Definition
the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment
Term
personal control
Definition
the extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless
Term
external locus of control
Definition
the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate
Term
internal locus of control
Definition
the perception that you control your own fate
Term
learned helplessness
Definition
the hopelessness and passive resignition an animal or juman learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
Term
self
Definition
in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions
Term
spotlight effect
Definition
overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders; as if we presume a spotlight shines on us
Term
self-esteem
Definition
one's feelings of high or low self-worth
Term
self-serving bias
Definition
a readiness to perceive oneself favorably
Term
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Definition

level of stress or arousal

If your level is low, your degree of performance is in the sleep stage, if you are at a medium level your degree of performance is in the optimal parformance stage, and if you are at a high level of arousal you are in the disorganizational stage

Term
body weight
Definition
food intake and metabolism
Term
Cannon and Washburn experiment
Definition
They wanted to test if hunger aroused from the stomach. One of them swallowed a balloon with a tube attached to test this. When there is a stomach contraction, he presses a button because there is a stomach pain, which he thinks is hunger. He felt full when the balloon was expanded. Washburn was the experimentor and subject, so there was bias. The stomach contracts more when there is food in it.
Term
effect of rewards on motivation
Definition
type of task, type of reward, expectation, contingent on performance
Term
Achievement motivation in the real world
Definition

-cognitively stimulating environment fosters intrinsic motivation

-rewarding successes increases motivation to succeed

-ignoring achievement and punishing failure increases fear of failure

Term
stress
Definition
process by which we appraise and cope with environmental threats and challenges
Term
What are the 3 different types of stressors?
Definition

-distant:traumatic experiences that occured in the past (abuse)

-chronic:usually do not have an end in sight (unemployment)

-acute:stressor that does have an end in sight and can range in severity (finals)

Term
stress response
Definition
the pattern of physiological, cognitive, and behavioral reactions to demands that exceed a person's resources
Term
General Adaption Syndrome
Definition

1. Alarm reation (mobilize resources)

2. Resistance (cope with stressors)

3. Exhaustion (reserves depleted)

Term
Stress and the Immune System
Definition

-acute stress: mixed results, dependent on length and severity of stressor (brief stressors are more susceptible to viral, but not bacterial infections)

-chronic stress: clear, negative impact on immunity

-distant stress: no current impact on immunity

Term
lateral hypothalamus (LH)
Definition

"hunger" center

stimulate-->start eating

ablate-->undereating (starve)

Term
ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)
Definition

"satiety" center

stimulus-->stop eating

ablate-->overeating (obesity)

Term
Dual Hypothalamic control theory
Definition
2 parts inhibits one another. You aren't feelings hungry as you fill up
Term
Schachter's Experiment and Results
Definition

1. Gave subjects sanwiches to eat

2. Then gave subjects crackers to "taste"

3. Asked for rating of the crackers

-He wasn't interested in the rating, he was only interested in how many crackers the subjects ate.

Results

Skinnies ate fewer crackers-internally controlled

fatties at all the crackers-externally controlled

Term
Guilty Knowledge Test vs. Control Question Test
Definition

Guilty knowledge test- asked questions only people who committed the crime would know. Guilty person would react more than anyone else

Control question test- asked questions many people do wrong. Then they asked tough questions the guilty person would react to.

Term
Hassels and Uplifts
Definition

Hassels-troubling thought about the future, being lonely, too many things to do

Uplifts-completing a task, socializing with friends, laughing

Term
Wechsler's definition of intelligence
Definition
the aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his or her environment
Term
fluid intelligence
Definition
decreases with age; the ability to learn and problem solve
Term
crystallized intelligence
Definition
increases with age; the sum of what you know
Term
aptitude test
Definition
a test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn
Term
achievement test
Definition
a test designed to assess what a person has learned
Term
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) subtests
Definition

verbal comprehension (vocabulary, information, similarities, comprehension)

working memory (arithmatic, digit span, letter-number scale)

perceptual organization (picture completion, block design, visual puzzles)

processing speed (digit symbol-coding, cancellation, symbol search)

Term
IQ mean and standard deviation, intellectual disability, things that influence IQ
Definition

mean=100, SD=15

intellectual disability is the lowest 1% of the population

prior testing, medication, educational history, and significant medical events influence people's IQ

Term
Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences
Definition

-we do not have one intelligence, but many distinct intelligences or skills that are valued by one's culture

-intelligences: linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, naturalist, intrapersonal

Term
Criteria of multiple intelligences
Definition
full range of competance, localization and potential isolation by brain damage, identifiable set of core operations
Term
Limitations of multiple intelligences
Definition
has not led to any intelligence tests, personality dimensions rather than intelligence, practice versus innate ability, independence of intelligence
Term
Barnum Effect
Definition
vague or general statements about personality that apply to nearly everyone who reads or hears the description
Term
personality
Definition
the biologically and environmentally determined characteristics within the person that accounts for distinctive and relatively enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting
Term
Theories of personality- Freudian/psychodynamic
Definition
dynamic, unconscious, psychological conflict; Id, ego, superego
Term
theories of personality-Jungian/Type
Definition
Myers-Briggs; type A and type B, logic, and feelings
Term
theories of personality-humanistic
Definition
free will, subjective experiences define an individual (self-actualization)
Term
theories of personality-behaviorist
Definition
interaction with environment, response driven
Term
theories of personality-biological
Definition
specific brain areas; example-Phineas Gage (rod went through his head)
Term
theories of personality-dispositional/trait
Definition
enduring, stable traits that differ among individuals and influence behavior
Term
The Big Five (CANOE)
Definition

conscientiousness

agreeableness

neuroticism

openness

extraversion

Term
neuroticism
Definition

-frequently experience negative feelings

-emotionally reactive

-interpret ordinary situations as threatening

Term
extraversion
Definition

-enjoy being with people, full of energy

-they like to talk, assert themselves

Term
openness
Definition
-curious, aware of their feelings, individualistic
Term
agreeableness
Definition

-value getting along with others

-considerate, friendly, generous

-people are basically honost, decent

Term
conscientiousness
Definition

-avoid trouble and achieve high levels of success

-regarded by others as intelligent and reliable

Term
abnormal behavior
Definition
syndromes characterized by maladaptive behavior
Term
Benjamin Rush created what?
Definition
the tranquilizing chair
Term
abnormal behavior's statistical average
Definition
statistically rare
Term
abnormal behavior: social expectations
Definition
not socially acceptable
Term
abnormal behavior: absolute standard of psychological health
Definition
"freedom from emotional distress"
Term
Rosenhan idea and experiment
Definition

"Being sane in insane places"

had 8 normal pepole report hearing voices such as "empty" and "hollow" and went into a mental institution and were released in 1-7 weeks and were said to have "schizophrenia in remission"

the idea was that you can cheat the system

Term
Neuroses
Definition
mild; anxiety-related; no loss of touch with reality
Term
Psychoses
Definition
severe; delusions, hallucinations; loss of touch with reality
Term
What are 5 Anxiety Disorders
Definition

-generalized anxiety

-panic attacks

-phobic disorders

-obbsessive compulsive disorder

-post-traumatic stress disorder

Term
dissociative amnesia
Definition
personal memory disrupted; forget important memories
Term
dissociative fugue
Definition
personal identity is disrupted
Term
dissociative identity disorder
Definition
person has 2 identities living in the same body
Term
Walter Mischel (situation)
Definition

-situation dictates behavior, not traits

-behavior in one situation doesn't predict behavior in another

-personality measures lack predictive validity

Term
Seymour Epstein (person)
Definition

-if you measure it properly, personality does seem to exist

--combine measures of similar behaviors over time

--traits predictive of patterns of behavior, not instances

--use multiple sources

Term
abnormal behavior
Definition

-behavior occurs infrequently in the population

-behavior violates social norms

-behavior creates great distress in the person experiencing it

-behavior causes social or occupation disability

-behaviors are unexpected responses to environmental stressors

Term
Dignostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Axis I)
Definition
clinical syndromes and other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention
Term
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental Disorders (Axis II)
Definition
personality disorders and mental retardation
Term
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders(Axis III)
Definition
general medical conditions
Term
diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (Axis IV)
Definition
psychosocial and environmental problems
Term
diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (Axis V)
Definition
global assessment of functioning
Term
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Definition

exposure to traumatic events; response  (fear, helpless, horror)

symptoms must last more than 1 month

Term
3 post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms
Definition

-intrusion: traumatic event is persistently re-experienced

-avoidance: avoid stimuli associated with trauma

-arousal: symptoms of increased arousal

Term
acute anxiety disorder criteria
Definition
experience same symptoms of PTSD but symptoms last less than 1 month
Term
schizophrenia
Definition
dimentia praecox
Term
positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Definition

-active

-unusual behavior

-incoherant thoughts, bizarre delusions, hallucinations

Term
negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Definition

-passive

-blunted affect: don't react to positive or negative events

-odd behavior: catatonia (motionless), waxy flexibility (motionless but can be moved)

Term
what chance do family members have of also having schizophrenia?
Definition
5-15%
Term
Diathesis Stress Model
Definition
if you have a low stress of genetic predisposition level, it will take a high level of something in the environment to push you over
Term
Dopamine (DA) Theory of schizophrenia
Definition

-too much DA causes positive symptoms

-DA antagonists reduce symptoms

-DA agonists worsen symptoms

Term
Major Affective Disorders
Definition
disordered mood
Term
mania
Definition
elation and euphoria
Term
depression
Definition

-despair

-reactive: caused by events

-endogenous: intrinsic

Term
bipolar disorder
Definition
alternating mania and depression
Term
unipolar depression
Definition
depression without mania
Term
Treatments for Major Affective Disorders
Definition

-Monoamine

-Trycycle Antidepressants

-Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors

-Electroconvulsant Shock Therapy Insulin

-Lithium: dose range is very narrow (John Cade)

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