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Psych Exam 2
Middle Childhood
45
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
09/29/2012

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Term
Describe Myelination
Definition
-process through which axons are covered with a thin layer of fat cells which increase the speed and efficiency of information
-speed of though
Term
What is the recommendation for amount of physical activity per day?
Definition
-every day
-Preschool: 2 hours
-day should center on activities, not meals
Term
Describe gross and fine motor skill development in 3, 4, and 5 year olds
Definition
Gross
3: hop, jump, run; performance
4: low jungle gyms, climb stairs with one foot; adventurous
5. climb anything, run hard, races

Fine
3: pick up tiny objects with some difficulty, build high block towers but not straight
4: try to stack blocks perfectly, improved substantially
5: hand, arm, and body all move together under command of eye, do not just build towers but other structures
Term
Describe Vygotsy's Theories:

1. Zone of Proximal Development
2. Scaffolding
3. Private Speech
Definition
1. range of tasks that are too difficult for child alone but can be mastered with assistance
-lower limit: child alone
-upper limit: responsibility with assistance
-captures cognitive skills that are in process of maturing

2. changing the level of support

3. use of language for self regulation
-important tool during early childhood
-must talk externally before they can internalize (3-7 years)
Term
Describe egocentrism
Definition
the inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's
Term
Describe False Belief Task
Definition
-chocolate in crayon box
-children under age of 4 do not under it is possible to have a false belief
-develops in majority of children by age 5
Term
Define the following:

1. conservation
2. centration
Definition
*if they posses these they are at pre-operational stage
1. centering of attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others
2. lack of awareness that altering an object's appearance does not change its basic properties
-same volumes in different cups
Term
Describe preoperational thought
Definition
-Preoperational occurs from age 2-7
-represent world with words, images and theory; also form stable concepts and begin to reason
-dominated by egocentrism and magical beliefs
-child does not perform operations
-beginning of the ability to reconstruct in thought what has been established in behavior
Term
Describe the following type of education:

Child centered
Definition
-nurturing
-emphasizes the education of the whole child and is concerned with physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development
-emphasis on process of learning rather than learning
-children learn through firsthand experience
-play is extremely important
Term
Describe the following type of education:

Montessori
Definition
-children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities
-they can move from activity to activity
-teacher is a facilitator rather than director
-some say it neglects socioemotional development
Term
Describe the following type of education:

Developmentally Appropriate Ed (DAP)
Definition
-children develop at different rates and it accounts for differences
-hands on teaching, games and dramatic play
-focus on improving socioemotional and cognitive development
Term
Describe self-understanding
Definition
-Erikson
-representation of self, the substance and contents of self conceptions
-includes self recognition
-descriptions may be unrealistically positive
Term
Describe Baumrind’s parenting styles
Definition
Authoritorian-restrictive, unresponsive
Authoritative-controlling, accepting
Neglectful- unrestrictive, unresponsive
Indulgent- uncontrolling, accepting
Term
Describe initiative vs. guilt
Definition
-Erikson's stage in early childhood
-children know they are their own and want to do things themselves
-see parents as powerful but sometimes unreasonable
Term
Describe Time Out
Definition
-child is removed from a setting that is positive
ex. forbid TV
-most psychologists encourage explaining the situation (induction)
Term
Describe impact of birth order
Definition
-first borns are most intelligent, achieving while later borns are most rebellious, liberal
-not always the case
-sometimes mothers interact differently with the 2nd born than the first
Term
Describe the impact of SES on parenting
Definition
-poor work conditions are likely to become more irritable and engage in less effective parenting
Term
Describe different types of play

1. Practice
2. Symbolic
3. Social
4. Constructive
5. Games
Definition
Practice: repeat activities when new skills are being learned
Pretense/symbolic: child transforms the physical environment into a symbol
Social: interact with others
Constructive: create solution/product
-combines sensorimotor/practice play with symbolic representation
Games: activities that are engaged in for pleasure with rules
Term
Describe the impact of divorce on children
Definition
-poorer adjustment but most do not have major problems
-issues include academic problems, drugs, delinquency, depression
-family processes are key and child temperament is important
-mother's income disparity can play a role
Term
Describe some functions of play
Definition
-relieve energy, tension
-advances cognition
-satisfy drive to explore
-aids in communication, language development
-Piaget and Vygotsky agree its important for cognitive development
Term
Describe the following:

1. emotion-coaching
2. emotion-dismissing parents
Definition
1. monitor their child's emotions, view their negative emotions are teachable moments, assist them in labeling emotions
2. view their role as to deny, ignore, or change negative emotions
Term
Describe the following types of morality:

1. heteronomous
2. autonomous
Definition
Piaget's two distinct stages of morality

1. occurs from age 4-7
-children think of justice and rules as unchangeable, removed from control of people
-immanent justice

2. from age 10 and on
-they become aware that rules are created by people and in judging an action they consider the intentions and consequences
Term
Explain the following influences on gender identity

1. Peers
2. Parents
Definition
1. a. Gender composition: at 3, children tend to play with same sex
b. Group size: at 5, boys associate in large groups and organized groups; seek to attain group goal
c. Interaction in same sex groups: boys engage in physical play, competition; girls act in a more reciprocal manner

2. influence by action and example
-mothers socialize daughters to be more obedient and responsible than sons and place more restrictions on girls
-fathers show more attention to sons and engage in more activities with sons
Term
Describe the correlation of health and the school years
Definition
-healthiest part of childhood is middle childhood
-least illness/death
-weight becoming a problem
Term
What are some ways parents can help their obese children?
Definition
-exercise/eat healthy as a family
-limit TV/computer time
Term
Describe criticisms of IQ testing, even culture-free tests
Definition
-all cultures are different and experience different things
-some do not place emphasis on time or pictures
Term
Describe learning disabilities
Definition
child has a difficulty in learning that involves the following:
-spoken or written language (reading, writing, spelling)
-math
may not a direct result of sense deficiency, mental retardation, or disdvantages

-boys are 3x as likely
-cause is unknown
Term
Describe the following:

1. Autism
2. Asperger syndrome
Definition
-can be detected from 1-3
-boys are 4x as likely to be diagnosed

1. severe developmental ASD that is onset in first 3 years
-includes deficiencies in relationships, communication, restricted, repetitive behavior

2. mild ASD which the child has good verbal language, milder nonverbal language
-restricted range of interests and relationships
-often engage in obsessive repetitive routines and preoccupations
Term
Define the following:

1. mainstreaming
2. inclusion
Definition
1. placing children with spec ed needs in remedial education rooms but include in others (art, gym, music)
2. placing children with special ed needs in regular classes all the time but different standards
Term
Describe concrete operational thought
Definition
-this stage occurs from 7-11
-they can reason logically as long as it can be applied to specific or concrete examples
-identity: same object even if parts change
-reversibility: object can return to original state
-classification (family tree)
-seriation: ability to order things along a quantitative dimension
-transivity: ability to logically combine relations to understand conclusions
Term
Describe metacognition
Definition
-cognition about cognition or knowing about knowing
-understand that longer lists are harder than shorter
-don't understand that things group together are easier to understand
-have unrealistic expectations of their memory
Term
Describe some treatment options for ADHD
Definition
-Ritalin and Adderall
-behavior management treatments reduce effect as well
-combination of both is generally best
Term
Describe the following information processing systems

1. sensory memory
2. working memory
3. long-term memory
Definition
1. initial; very short
2. temporarily stores info; last up to 30 seconds
3. continuation of storing info; increases with age

-speed increases
-knowledge base grows
Term
Define automatization
Definition
-process of making an action reflexive
-tying shoes without thinking hard
Term
Describe 3 levels of moral reasoning (Kohlberg)
Definition
Preconventional: interpret good and bad in terms of external rewards and punishments

Conventional: apply certain standards, but they are set by social standards

Postconventional: recognizes alternative moral development
Term
Define self-efficacy
Definition
belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes
-Bandura
-"I can"
Term
Describe social cognition
Definition
involves thoughts about social matters
-becomes increasingly important for understanding peer relationships
ex: an agressive boy's interpretation of an encounter as hostile and his classmates perception of his behavior as inappropriate
Term
Describe Erikson’s middle childhood stage
Definition
Industry vs. Inferiority
-children are interested in how things are made
-feeling of industry is encouraged when children build, fix, cook
Term
Define sociometric status
Definition
how children are liked and disliked
Popular-nominated as best friend
Average-receive both positive and negative
Neglected-infrequently chosen as best friend
Rejected-disliked
Controversial-both best friend and disliked
Term
Describe characteristics of bully victims
Definition
-boys in middle school
-lonely and difficulty making friends
-anxious, socially withdrawn, aggressive children
Term
Define coregulation
Definition
-control is shared between parent and child
-occurs in middle to late childhood
Term
Describe social comparison
Definition
-children describes themselves relating to others
-not what they can do, but what they can do compared to others
-develops in middle childhood
Term
Describe social comparison
Definition
-children describes themselves relating to others
-not what they can do, but what they can do compared to others
-develops in middle childhood
Term
Describe gender and agression
Definition
Boys: more physically aggressive
-hormones, genes/cultural expectations
Girls: sometimes more verbally aggressive
*Girls engage in more relational aggression
(manipulation, rumors, gossip)
Term
Describe the following:

1. direct instruction
2. constructivist approach
Definition
1. structured and teacher centered
-high expectations
-maximum learning time
2. learner centered and emphasizes the importance of individuals constructing their knowledge with guidance from teacher
-teachers do not attempt to pour info into students
-emphasizes critical thinking and collaboration
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