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Psych Exam 1
N/A
87
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
01/29/2013

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Term
Medulla (Brainstem)
Definition
Automatic "life support"
Basic functions for survival
Controls heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
Coordinates fine motor movement such as coordination, balance, posture and voluntary movements
Affected by alcohol
Term
The Limbic System
Definition
Under the Cortex
System of neural structures associated with basic emotions, drives, memory, fear, agression, food and sex
Term
Thalamus
Definition
"Sensory Switchboard"
Assigns messages to the correct sensory receiving areas in the cortex
Coordinates replies from the Sensory Cortex to the Cerebellum and Medulla
Senses: taste, see, hear, touch
Term
Hippocampus
Definition
MEMORY
Helps process explicit memories
Term
Amygdala
Definition
Processes EMOTIONS especially anger and fear
Term
Sulci
Definition
Sunken in folds in the Cerebral Cortex
Term
Gyri
Definition
Ridges in the Cerebral Cortex
Term
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Definition
Spinal Cord and Brain
Term
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Definition
All other nerve cells in the body not in the brain or spinal cord
Allows brain to communicate with senses
Term
Reticular Formation
Definition
Network of neurons in the brainstem that affect general ALERTNESS (arousal) and STAGES OF SLEEP.
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
Part of the Limbic System
Temperature regulation, emotion, sexual urges, motivation, hunger, thirst
Term
Basal Ganglia
Definition
System of structures crucial for planning and producing MOVEMENT.
Term
Nucleus Accumbens
Definition
A structure in the Basal Ganglia that activates Dopamine neurons when someone experiences something PLEASURABLE or REWARDING
Term
Cerebral Cortex
Definition
Outer layer of brain tissue which forms the wrinkly bit of the brain.
Term
Occipital Lobe
Definition
VISION
in the back of the Cerebral Cortex "opposite the eyes"
Term
Parietal Lobe
Definition
Controls sense of TOUCH, motor control, spacial layout of an environment and sensory control.
At the TOP of the Cerebral Cortex (parental lobe)
Left side receives info from right side of the body and vice versa
Term
Temporal Lobe
Definition
HEARING and processing auditory information
where the ears are
Includes Amygdala and Hippocampus for MEMORY
Term
Frontal Lobe
Definition
PROCESSING and PLANNING and MOVEMENT of muscles and MOTIVATION
In the front
Asymmetrical
Determines HANDEDNESS
Term
Prefrontal Cortex
Definition
DECISION MAKING (good/bad), CONSEQUENCES, URGES, ATTENTION, SOCIAL BEHAVIOR and PERSONALITY
Very large in humans
In front of the Frontal Lobe
Term
Lobotomy
Definition
Intentionally damaging the Prefrontal Cortex of mental patients, turning them into vegetables.
Term
Plasticity
Definition
Brain's capacity to modify itself following damage or development
Brain reorganization
Term
Neuroscience
Definition
Study of the structure/function of neurons, nerves, and nervous tissue and how they relate to behavior and learning
Term
Nervous System
Definition
The body's speedy, electrochemical communication system.
All of the nerve cells in the PNS and CNS
Term
Neurons
Definition
Building blocks of internal communication
Basic cell
Receives/sends messages within the Nervous System
Term
Dendrites
Definition
Brnaches that receive messages from other neurons and conduct them to the Soma.
Term
Soma
Definition
Main body of the neuron
Metabolic center- responsible for life of the cell
Genetic material stored here
Information/ neural impulses processed here
Term
Axon
Definition
Tail of a neuron
Long tube that carries the neural message to be sent to other neurons
Term
Sensory Neurons
Definition
A PNS neuron that carries information from the senses to the CNS
Form the Sensory Pathways
Term
Motor Neurons
Definition
A PNS neuron that carries messages from the CNS to the muscles of the body
Form the Motor Pathways
Term
interneurons
Definition
Neurons that only communicate with other neurons, typically within a specific brain region.
Term
Excitatory SIgnals
Definition
Enhance firing
Term
Inhibitory Signals
Definition
Inhibit firing
Term
Axon Terminals
Definition
Ends of axon
Almost connects with other cells
Messages are transferred via chemicals called Neurotransmitters
Term
Synaptic Knob
Definition
End of axon terminals that contain Synaptic Vesicles
Term
Synaptic Vesicles
Definition
Sac-like structures inside the Synaptic Knob that contain Neurotransmitters
Term
Synapse
Definition
Tiny gap Neurotransmitters travel from the Axon Terminal to the Dendrites of the next neuron
Contains extracellular fluid
Term
Myelin Sheath
Definition
Fatty coating on Axon
Made of glial cells
Insulates/protects the neural impulse
More Myelin = More Speed
Term
Nodes of Ranvier
Definition
Small gaps of exposed axon between the segments of Myelin Sheath where Action Potentials are transmitted
Term
Multiple Sclerosis
Definition
Breakdown of the Myelin Sheath
Term
Action Potential
Definition
Electrical signal in the Axon
Triggered when the Soma collects enough "fire" messages from the Dendrites
Positively charged state during the neural impulse
Message is sent completely or not at all
Does not vary in strength or intensity
Term
Resting Potential
Definition
Negatively charged state of the neuron when NOT firing a neural impulse
Term
Receptor Sites
Definition
Holes in the surface of the Dendrites (or muscles or glands) of the receiving cell
Shaped to fit a specific Neurotransmitter
A Neurotransmitter is a key, and this is the lock
Term
Acetylcholine
Definition
NT responsible for MOVEMENT
Motor control over muscles, learning, memory, sleeping and dreaming
Term
Serotonin
Definition
NT responsible for MOOD
Emotional states, impulsiveness, dreaming
Term
Norepinephrine
Definition
NT responsible for AROUSAL
Term
Dopamine
Definition
NT responsible for PLEASURE
Reward, motivation, motor control over voluntary movement
Term
Endorphins
Definition
NT responsible for PAIN RELIEF
Reward
Term
Agonists
Definition
Mimic or enhance the effects of a natural NT on the receptor sites
Examples: Nicotine and Black Widow Spider Venom mimic Acetylcholine
Fit receptor sites closely
Term
Antagonists
Definition
Block or reduce a cells response to the action of naturals NT's
Do NOT fit receptor sites well
Term
Reuptake
Definition
Process by which NT's are taken back into the Synaptic Vesicles and out of the Synapse.
Term
Enzyme
Definition
Complex protein that breaks up NT's in the Synapse
Term
Glial Cells
Definition
Gray, fatty brain cells that provide support for the neurons to grow on and around
Deliver nutrients to the neurons
Clean up waste products and dead neurons
Term
Schwann Cells
Definition
Specialized Glial Cells that produce Myelin
Term
Parkinson's Disease
Definition
A neurological disorder caused by Dopamine depletion marked by tremors.
Term
Spinal Cord
Definition
Long bundle of neurons that carries messages to and from the body to the brain
Involved in very fast, life saving reflexes
Term
Neural Pathway
Definition
Chains of neurons that systematically send messages back and forth
Each accomplishes a certain job and uses only 1 or 2 NT's
Term
Nerves
Definition
Neural "cables" in the PNS containing many Axons
Connect the muscles, glands and sense organs in the PNS to their Soma in the CNS
Term
Interneuron
Definition
a CNS neuron
Term
Reflex
Definition
Automatic response to sensory stimuli
Processed in the spinal cord, NOT in the brain
Brain "creates" pain later
Term
Somatic Nervous Syster
Definition
All of the PNS nerves that carry information from the senses to the CNS and from the CNS to the voluntary body muscles
Term
Autonomic Nervous System
Definition
PNS nerves that control involuntary muscles, organs, and glands
Divided into the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Systems
Term
Sympathetic System
Definition
"Fight or Flight"
Arouses the body
Go into action when necessary
Term
Parasympathetic System
Definition
"Rest and Digest"
Calms the body
Brings systems back to normal
Term
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Definition
Studies brain anatomy
Produces 1 image at high resolution
Term
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
Definition
Studies brain function
Creates multiple images at low resolution
Term
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Definition
Reaches about 2-3 cm into the cortex
Activates or knocks out a brain area
Temporary
Doesn't damage patient
Term
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Definition
Voltage recorded on scalp surface
Neurons firing produces an electrical current
Large clusters of these neurons firing can be detected on scalp
Excellent time resolution
Relatively noninvasive
Term
Psychology
Definition
Study of behavior/mental processes
Term
Behavior
Definition
What we can see
Term
Internal Processes
Definition
Activity of our minds
Very hard to understand
Term
Covert Behavior
Definition
Mental processes
Sensations, dreams and feelings
Term
Underlying Physiology
Definition
Hormones, nerves and brain activity
Term
Empiricism
Definition
Knowledge comes through the senses
Science grows through observation and experiment
Must be verifiable
Term
Correlation
Definition
NOT CAUSATION
Statistical measure
2 Variables
Produce correlation coefficient: direction of relationship (+ or -) and strength of relationship (# from 0 to 1)
Predicts WHAT not WHY
Term
Scientific Method
Definition
Perceive (create a theory)
Hypothesis (must be testable)
Test (experiment, correlation and observation)
Draw Conclusions
Report, Revise and Replicate
Term
4 Goals of Psychological Science
Definition
Description: What is happening?
Explanation: Why is it happening?
Prediction: When will it happen again?
Control: How can it be changed?
Term
Spectrum of Psychology
Definition
Research--------------Teaching
Term
Descriptive Studies
Definition
Observing/Classifying behavior
Example: Jane Goodall with the gorillas
Term
Naturalistic Observation
Definition
Let participants be themselves
Term
Observer Bias
Definition
Going into a study expecting a certain outcome
Term
Participant Observation
Definition
Reactivity
Term
Control Group
Definition
Receives NO intervention
Term
Experimental Group
Definition
Receives intervention
Term
Independent Variable
Definition
Manipulated variable
Term
Dependent Variable
Definition
Outcome variable
Term
Correlational Studies
Definition
Relation between 2 variables
Does NOT equal causation
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