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Psych 350 - Human Factors in Technology
Iowa State University - Dr. Jon Kelly
34
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
09/23/2013

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Term
an understanding of Human Factors leads to :
Definition
knowledge of mental & physical human limitations can lead to: -better system design -more effective training of the user -can increase system usability
Term
Normative Compliance
Definition
compliance due to apprehensions that choosing otherwise would make us appear deviant
Term
Informational Compliance
Definition
compliance due to the belief that others must be correct in their judgements
Term
Conceptual Definition vs Operational Definition
Definition
Conceptual definitions are abstract

Operational definitions are concrete & quantifiable
Term
3rd Variables
Definition
- lurking variables that have influence on two things which are correlated.
Term
within-participants design
Definition
when all the participants of a study are assigned to all treatments
Term
between-participants design
Definition
when the participants of a study are kept separate and only assigned to one treatment
Term
carryover effect
Definition
this occurs when one level of treatment in an experiment exerts an influence of another. (first they run, then they do situps, for example)
Term
counterbalancing
Definition
designing a within-participants experiment so that carryover effects are minimized, and ideally eliminated
Term
construct validity
Definition
if the operational definitions actually reflect conceptual definitions the experiment has construct validity.

(i.e. Testing sandwich flavor by measuring how far you could throw it =poor construct validity)
Term
ecological validity
Definition
if an experiment accurately represents real-world conditions then it has good ecological validity
Term
internal validity
Definition
if the changes in the Dependant Variable could ONLY be explained by changes in the Independent Variable, then it has internal validity.
Term
external validity
Definition
if the experiment generalizes well to other situations, then it has high external validity
Term
three goals of human factors
Definition
-enhance performance
-increase safety
-increase user satisfaction
Term
three primary questions of cognitive psychology
Definition
-how is knowledge acquired
-how is knowledge retained
-how is knowledge used
Term
HOMER acronym
Definition
-Hypothesize
-Operationalize
-Measure
-Evaluate
-Revise/Replicate
Term
difference between direct and indirect interaction
Definition
indirect movements are where real movements must have to translate to a different kind of avatar movement or command (Joystick, controller)

direct movement is when commands translate naturally to the same kind of command in the environment (turning head to change viewpoint. Walking to move avatar)
Term
two methods for dealing with walking space in VR
Definition
redirected walking
Term
two main reasons why visual acuity is lower in peripheral vision
Definition
-very few cones in peripheral vision

-much fewer neurons devoted to processing peripheral fields (results in bottlenecking)
Term
cues to absolute distance
Definition
-accommodation
-convergence
Term
cues to relative distance
Definition
-binocular disparity
-occulusion
-height in the field
-linear perspective
-texture gradient
-lighting/shading
-motion parralax
Term
Knapp & Loomis (2003) study on Field of View - main results:
Definition
-open box on the head study

Found only slightly contributed to distance under-perception in VR
Term
Thompson et. al (2004) on graphics quality
Definition
photorealistic vs low quality vs wire-frame study

found only slightly contributed to distance underperception in VR
Term
Willemsen et al (2008) on stereo cues
Definition
found stereo cues are not the cause of distance underperception in VR (only slight contribution)
Term
three scenarios which can lead to accurate distance perception in virtual environments
Definition
- when environment is virtual replica
of a real space.

-when a self-avatar is represented (seems to provide some scale for user)

- after user has interacted with environment for a while & adjusted to it
Term
Strengths & weaknesses of observational studies
Definition
Str: Easy, can be done in subjects' natural environment

Lim:Few predictions, Hawthorne Effect, No causation, behavior can be challenging to see
Term
strengths & weaknesses of correlational studies
Definition
Str: surveys are very fast (by comparison to other methods), can be useful when variables are unethical to manipulate in an experiment

Lim: cannot establish causality, vulnerability to lurking variables
Term
strengths & weaknesses of within participants design (experiment)
Definition
str: requires fewer test subjects, differences between people are reflected in all conditions

lim: carryover effects, practice, fatigue
Term
strengths & weaknesses of between participants design (experiment)
Definition
Strengths: no carryover effects, practice, or fatigue

limitations: requires more participants
Term
strengths & weaknesses of an Experiment
Definition
str: can establish causality, control

weaknesses: may not be generalizable, difficult or unethical to manipulate some things
Term
the four elements of virtual reality:
Definition
-Virtual environment
-Sensory Feedback
-interactivity
-immersion
Term
pros & cons of CAVE system
Definition
PROS:
-multiple people
-real world environment visible
-stereo glasses are lightweight
-untethered

CONS:
-very expensive
-walking space limited
Term
pros & cons of head-mounted displays
Definition
PROS:
-comparatively affordable
-larger walking space, but still limited by room size


CONS:
-heavy
-often times tethered
-reduced field of view
-only one person
-occludes real environment
Term
two ways we deal with limited space in virtual reality:
Definition
treadmills

redirected walking
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