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Psych 270
Exam 2
119
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
03/22/2009

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Schizophrenia
Definition
A group of psychotic disorders marked by positive and negative symptoms and a deterioration in role functioning
Term

Prodromal Phase

Definition

precedes the active phase and is marked by an obvious deterioration in role functioning

  • unusual perceptual experiences, anger outbursts, increased tension/restlessness, social withdrawal, indecisiveness, lack of willpower
Term
Active Phase
Definition
characterized by hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized speech
Term
Residual Phase
Definition

follows active phase, person continues to be impaired but symptoms resemble those in prodromal phase

  • negative symptoms may remain pronounced
Term
Positive Symptoms
Definition

characterized by the presence of an abnormal response

  • includes hallucinations and delusions
Term
Negative Symptoms
Definition

characterized by the absence of a particular response

  • includes lack of initiative, social withdrawal, deficits in emotional responding
Term
Hallucinations
Definition

persistent sensory experiences not caused by external stimuli

  • mostly auditory
Term
Delusions
Definition

idiosyncratic beliefs that are rigidly held in spite of their absurd nature

  • unable to consider perspective of other people
  • typically paranoid or grandiose
Term
Blunted Affect
Definition

the restriction of the person's nonverbal display of emotional responses

  • faces = expressionless, voices = lack fluctuations
Term
Avolition
Definition

involves indecisiveness, ambivalence, and a loss of willpower

  • ceases to engage in purposeful actions
Term
Alogia
Definition
when patients show a reduction in the amount of speech, or when a train of speech is interrupted before it has been completed
Term
Disorganized Speech
Definition
a disturbance in thought patterns marked by irrelevant responses or disconnected ideas
Term
Loose Associatin
Definition
shifting topics too abruptly
Term
Tangentiality
Definition
replying to a question with an irrelevant response
Term
Perseveration
Definition
repeating the same word/phrase over and over
Term
Catatonic Type
Definition

characterized by symptoms of motor immobility or excessive/purposeless motor acivity

  • show a decreased awareness of env't
Term
Inappropriate Affect
Definition
marked by incongruity and lack of adaptability in emotional expression
Term
Disorganized Type
Definition
characterized by disorganized speech & behavior, and inappropriate affect
Term
Paranoid Type
Definition

characterized by systematic delusions with persecutory or grandiose content

  • excludes those with disorganized speech, flat affect, catatonic behavior
Term
Undifferentiated Type
Definition
those who display psychotic symptoms, but either meet criteria for several subtypes or none at all
Term
Residual Type
Definition
symptoms no longer are considered part of the active phase, but continue to exhibit positive/negative symptoms
Term
Schizoaffective Disorder
Definition

symptoms of schizophrenia partially overlap with a major depressive/manic episode

  • presence of delusions/hallucinations for at least 2 weeks in the abscence of mood symptoms
Term
Delusional Disorder
Definition

does not meet full criteria for schizophrenia but is preoccupied for at least 1 month with delusions that are not bizarre

  • presence of hallucinations, disorganized speech, catatonic behavior, negative symptoms rule out diagnosis
Term
Brief Psychotic Disorder
Definition

includes those who experience psychotic symptoms for at least 1 day, but less than 1 month

  • occurs during periods of great stress
  • person can return to normal functioning after
Term
Lifetime Morbidity
Definition
proportion of a specific population that will be affected by a disorder at some point during their lives
Term
Social Causation vs. Social Selection Hypothesis
Definition
  • stress, social isolation, poor nutrition, etc cause the development of schiz.
  • schiz. patients might drift in the lowest social classes
Term
Expressed Emotion
Definition

refers to negative/intrusive attitudes sometimes displayed by relatives of patients receving treatment for a disorder

  • high EE = overinvolvement, hostile, critical
  • more likely to relapse
Term
Schizotaxia
Definition
a subtle, neurological defect of unknown form inherited by all individuals who are predisposed to schiz.
Term
Vulnerability Marker
Definition
a specific measure that might be useful in identifying people who are vulnerable to disorders
Term
Antipsychotic drugs
Definition

reduce severity of psychotic symptoms, but take several weeks to work

  • positive symptoms respond better
Term
Atypical Antipsychotics
Definition

type of medicine for schiz. patients that does not produce unpleasant motor side effects

  • more effective in treating negative symptoms
Term
Assertive Community Treatment
Definition

psychosocial intervention delivered by team of clinicians intended to allow the disordered patient to live in the community

  • includes education + skills training + rehab + medication
Term
Heritability
Definition
the relative contribution of genes to a characteristic
Term
Heritability Ratio
Definition
statistic that computes the proportion of variance in a certain characteristic that is attributed to genetic factors
Term
Gene-Environment Correlation
Definition
a nonrandom association between inborn predispositions and environmental experiences
Term
Disorganization
Definition
verbal communication problems and bizarre behavior
Term
Anhedonia
Definition
inability to experience pleasure
Term
Apathy
Definition
reduced activity; social withdrawal & isolation common
Term
Emotion
Definition
state of arousal defined by subjective states of feeling
Term
Affect
Definition
pattern of observable behaviors associated with an emotion
Term
Mood
Definition
pervasive and sustained emotional response that can color a person's perception of the world
Term
Depressed Mood
Definition
depressed feelings such as disappoint & despair, not yet necessarily part of a clinical syndrome
Term
Clinical Depression
Definition

a depressed mood accompanied by several other symptoms and a variety of changes in thinking & overt behavior

  • fatigue, loss of energy, difficulty sleeping, changes in appetite
  • worthlessness, guilt, suicide thoughts
Term
Mania
Definition

a mood disturbance that last at least 1 week and is characterized by elation, inflated self-esteem, hyperactivity, & acceralated speaking/thinking

Term
Euphoria
Definition
an exaggerated feeling of physical/emotional well-being
Term
Mood Disorders
Definition
episodes in which the person's behavior is dominated by either depression or mania
Term
Unipolar Mood Disorder
Definition
when a person experiences only episodes of depression
Term
Bipolar Mood Disorder
Definition
person experiences episodes of mania & depression
Term
Dysphoria
Definition
unpleasant mood, most common symptom of depression
Term
Somatic Symptoms
Definition

symptoms related to basic physiological/bodily functions

  • fatigue, aches, pains, changes in appetite & sleep patterns
Term
Psychomotor Retardation
Definition

refers to several features of behavior that may accompany the onset of depression

  • ex: slowed movement & speaking
Term
Dysthymia
Definition
a person qualifies for this chronic mild depressive condition if they experience a depressed mood -  for most of the day, on more days than not - for at least 2 years
Term
Hypomania
Definition

an episode of increased energy, not severe enough to qualify as mania because it lasts only 4 days

Term
Bipolar I Disorder
Definition
a person who has experienced at least 1 manic episode and 1 major depressive episode
Term
Bipolar II Disorder
Definition
at least 1 major depressive episode, 1 hypomanic episode, and no full-blown manic episodes
Term
Cyclothymia
Definition
numerous hypomanic episodes and periods of depression during a 2-year period, with no history of MDE or manic episodes
Term
Melancholia
Definition
severe type of depression described in terms of a loss of pleasure in activities
Term
Remission
Definition
when a person's symptoms are diminished or improved
Term
Relapse
Definition
return of active symptoms in a person who recovered from a previous episode
Term
Schema
Definition
cognitive pattern that guides the way a person perceives and interprets events in the environment
Term
Hopelessness
Definition
negative expectations about future events and the belief that these events cannot be controlled
Term
Analogue Study
Definition

research procedure in which investigators study behavior that resemble mental disorders or their isolated features

  • provide info on cause/effect, can't be generalized
Term
Euthymia
Definition
baseline emotional state
Term
Seasonal Affective Disorder
Definition

onset of mood episodes associated with changes in seasons

  • characterized by somatic symptoms
  • usually in fall or winter
Term
Longitudinal Study
Definition
studying people repeatedly oer time
Term
Cross-Sectional Study
Definition
people are studied at only one point in time
Term
Retrospective Study
Definition

one in which scientists look backward in time by asking people to recall events or examining old records

  • PRO: less expensive
  • CON: distorted memories
Term
Prospective Design
Definition
supposed causes are assessed in present, then subject is followed over time to see if hypothesixzed effects develop
Term
Dissociation
Definition
the disruption of the normally integrated mental processes involved in memory, identity, or perception
Term
Traumatic Stress
Definition
an event that involves actual or threatened death, serious injury to self or others, and creates intense feelings of fear helplessness or horror
Term
Acute Stress Disorder
Definition
  • Occurs within 4 weeks after exposure to stress
  • Characterized by:
    • Dissociative Symptoms
    • Reexperiencing of the event
    • Avoidance of reminders of trauma
    • Marked anxiety/arousal
Term
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Definition
  • Long lasting, delayed onset
  • Characterized by:
    • reexperiencing, avoidance, arousal
    • nightmares, headaches, gastrointestinal problems, relationship difficulties, troublesome emotion, increased suicide risk
Term
Flashback
Definition
sudden memories during which the trauma is replayed in images or thoughts
Term
Numbing of Responsiveness
Definition

a form of avoidance in which feelings are dampened or nonexistent

Term
Exaggerated Startled Response
Definition

excessive fear reactions to unexpected stimuli

 

  • form of increased arousal
Term
Depersonalization
Definition
feeling cut off from oneself or one's environment
Term
Derealization
Definition
feeling a sense of unreality about yourself or the world around you
Term
Dissociative Amnesia
Definition
inability to recall important aspects of the traumatic experience
Term
Hardiness
Definition

personal sense of contol, commitment and challenge during stress

 

  • predicts lower rates of PTSD
Term
Two-Factor Theory
Definition

1. classical conditioning creates fear when terror from trauma is paired with cues associated with traumatic events

2. operant coniditioning maintains

 

  • when fear producing stimuli is avoided, reduced anxiety...a negative reinforcement
Term
Dissociative Disorders
Definition
characterized by persistent, maladaptive disruptions in the integration of memory, consciousness, or identity
Term
Hysteria
Definition
refers to the ancient speculation that dissociative disorders were caused by frustrated sexual desires, particularly the desire to have a baby
Term
Rational System
Definition
an information processing system that involves abstract, logical knowledge that is adaptive for solving complex problems over time
Term
Experiential System
Definition
an information processing system that involves intuitive knowledge based on experience that is useful for responding to problems immediately
Term
Explicit Memory
Definition
conscious recollection of a past event
Term
Implicit Memory
Definition

indicated by changes in behavior apparently based on memory of a prior event with no conscious recollection of a past event

  • usually occurs with familiar faces
Term
Hypnosis
Definition
subjects experience a loss of control over actions in response to suggestions put forth by the hypnotist
Term
Amnesia
Definition
partial or complete loss of recall for particular events/periods of time
Term
Psychogenic Amensia
Definition
loss of recall for a particular event resulting fom traumatic stress/emotional distress
Term
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Definition
2 or more personalities coexist within 1 individual, and one or both might be unaware of the other
Term
Recovered Memories
Definition
dramatic recollections of long-ago traumatic experiences supposedly blocked from the conscious mind by dissociation
Term
Dissociative Fugue
Definition
  • sudden/unexpected - yet purposeful - travel away from home
  • the inability to reall past details
  • confusion about identity or assumption of a new one
Term
Dissociative Amnesia
Definition
sudden inability to recall extensive/important personal information, exceeding normal forgetfulness
Term
Depersonalization Disorder
Definition
less dramatic problem, characterized by severe and persistent feelings of being detached from oneself that follows a new/disturbing event
Term
State Dependent Learning
Definition

process where learning that takes place in one state of affect/consciousness is best recalled in the same state of consciousness

  • could explain how multiple personalities develop
Term
Iatrogenesis
Definition
the manufacture of the dissociative disorders by their treatment
Term
Somatoform Disorders
Definition
problems characterized by unusual physical symptoms that occur in the absence of a known physical illness
Term
Conversion Disorder
Definition
physical symptoms often mimic those found in neurological diseases - such as blindness, numbing or paralysis - with no anatomic basis
Term
Somatization Disorder
Definition

characterized by history of multiple somatic complaints in the absence of organic impairments

  • must complain of at least 8 physical symptoms
  • must onset before the age of 30
Term
Hypochondriasis
Definition

characterized by a fear or belief that one is suffering from a physical illness

  • worries must last for 6 months
  • medical evaluations do not alleviate fears
Term
Pain Disorder
Definition

characterized by a preoccupation with pain

  • disrupts social/occupational functioning
  • high risk of becoming addicted to painkillers
Term
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Definition
preoccupied with some imagined defect in appearance, usually facial features
Term
Malingering
Definition
pretending to have a somatoform disorder in order to achieve some secondary gain
Term
Factitious Disorder
Definition
feigned condition that is motivated by the desire to assume the sick role and gain attention of others
Term
Multisomatoform Disorder
Definition
only need to report 3 chronic, physical symptoms
Term
Alexithymia
Definition
inabilitiy to recognize/express emotions signaled by physiological arousal
Term
Primary Gain
Definition
to protect oneself from sexual impulses
Term
Secondary Gain
Definition
to avoid work/responsibility or gain attention/sympathy
Term
Retrospective Reports
Definition
current recollections of past experiences
Term
Representative Sample
Definition
a sample that accurately represents some larger group of people
Term
Convenience Samples
Definition
groups of people who are easily recruited and studied
Term
Patient Controls
Definition
those who have some other mental disorder
Term
Normal Participants
Definition
those with no history of mental disorder
Term
Case Control Design
Definition
depends on the contrast between cases and control participants in comparison studies
Term
Reexperience
Definition
distressing thoughts or images, nightmares, or flashbacks of trauma
Term
Avoidance
Definition
evading stimuli associated with the trauma
Term
Arousal
Definition
physiological activation resulting in restlessness, agitation, exaggerated startled response, irritability, & sleeplessness
Term
Rapid Cycling
Definition
if person experieces at least 4 episodes of major depression, mania, or hypomania within 1 year
Term
Beck's Depressive Triad
Definition
focusing on negative aspects of self, environment, and future
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