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Psych 240
Exam 3
54
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
08/03/2011

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Verbatim v. Gist Information
Definition

-there is no difference between new and old info

-whether or not we've heard the sentence before doesn't matter

-the gist matters and the number of ideas

Term
Syntactic Information
Definition
-grammatical structure
Term
Galileo Experiment (Sachs)
Definition

-subjects had to tell whether or not a sentence was different(could've been the same, semantic difference, syntactic difference, or have a word order difference) from that which they heard in the original paragraph

-they were tested either right after they heard the sentence or tested later

-RESULTS

*we remember the gist

*people picked up on semantic differences well

Term
Remembering Wording
Definition
-we generally remember the general ideas
Term
Central Information
Definition

-we rate importance of ideas and the most important ideas are remembered best

-children remember important ideas automatically

Term
Schema
Definition

-generalized conceptual knowledge used in understanding

-meaningfully organizes concepts

-tells us what to expect and allows us to make inferences

Term
Script (Event Schema)
Definition

-what we expect to happen for certain occasions

-people tend to agree

-faster reading

-people recall things that were not in a story

-people recall things in order

Term
Scene Schema
Definition

-people correctly remembered things consistent even though they didn't focus on them

-false memory for things that were expected but not in actual representation


Term
Story (Narrative) Schema
Definition
-episodic (starting with an exposition, showing a complication, and then finding a resolution)
Term
Inference
Definition
-we make these quickly when hearing information
Term
Logical Inference
Definition
-people don't typically make inconsistent inferences
Term
Pragmatic Inference
Definition

-not all inferences follow the info you are given

-very influential to memories (we make inferences during encoding, storage, and retrieval)

Term
Assertion
Definition

-used in advertising

-when you are told something

Term
Implication
Definition

-used in advertisements

-when you aren't told something will happen a certain way but you are likely to think it will because of word choice

Term
Hedges
Definition

-used in advertisments

-words that imply something

*i.e. “Lavium Pills may help relieve tension”

(but they may not)

Term
Comparisons
Definition

-used in advertisements

-can be unclear and misleading

*i.e.

–“Snarfo makes you healthier” (than what?)
Term
Inferences during Encoding
Definition

-affected by giving context (also affects what is later recalled)


Term
Inferences due to Storage
Definition

-memory changes to better fit schema

-we forget things (especially what doesn't fit our schema)

-memory in changed in this process

Term
Proactive Interference
Definition
-older info interferes with us learning newer info
Term
Retroactive Interference
Definition
-learning new info interferes with our memories for older info
Term
Misinformation Experiments (Loftus)
Definition

-subjects saw an event, were exposed to misinformation, and then took a memory test

-the control group was asked " how fast were they going when they hit each other?"

-the misled group was asked " how fast were they going when they smashed into each other?"

-then they were asked whether or not they had seen broken glass:

*14% of controlled said yes and 32% of misled said yes

-did the same with viewing an accident with car at YIELD sign (misled was asked if the car pass when it stopped at the STOP sign; 41% said yield while 75% of controlled correctly said yield)

 

 

Term
Overwriting Hypothesis
Definition
-second representation takes over the first representation (Quickly forget the first representation)
Term
Hammer Experiment
Definition

-subjects saw a man carrying a hammer steal $20

-there were 3 groups that read descriptions

-group 1 read "man is carrying tool" then asked hammer or screwdriver; 72% said hammer

-group 2 read "man was carrying screwdriver" then asked hammer or screwdriver; 63% said hammer

-group 3 read "man was carrying screwdriver" then asked hammer or wrench; 75% said hammer

Term
Misinformation Acceptance
Definition
-accept new info as if it were true of the original event
Term
Cognitive Interview
Definition

-Reinstate conditions (Exploits encoding specificity: memories are tied to the context in which they were acquired)

 

-Tell story without interruption

 

-Use reverse order

 

Term
Depictive Code
Definition
-a picture code
Term
Propositional Code
Definition
-a verbal code (like a computer program)
Term
Interference Effects
Definition
-when you perform two tasks at the same time if they interfere then they must require the same mental system
Term
Demand Characteristics
Definition
-ways that a subject will behave because they think the experimenter wants them to (also works the other way [the experimenter expects a certain set and this biases results])
Term
Imagery v. Perception
Definition

-they aren't just alike

-images do not have metric qualities

Term
Compromise Theory
Definition

-basic code is propositional (for long term storage)

-people use propositional code to create depictive codes

-depictive codes can be scanned, zoomed, etc

Term
Brain Areas for Imagery and Perception
Definition
-the visual cortex (parietal and temporal lobe)
Term
Two Basic Tasks of Language
Definition

-production (idea, sentence, words, coordinated vocal articulation, sounds)

-comprehesion (sounds, words, phrases/sentences, ideas)

 

 

 

Term
Language Structure
Definition

-Sentence

-Phrase

-Word

-Morpheme

-Phoneme

Term
Phoneme
Definition

-smallest unit of speech sound

-about 40 in English

-range from 11-60 across languages

Term
Morpheme
Definition

-smallest unit that SIGNALS MEANING

-prefixes, suffizes, root

-can be an entire word

-50-80,000

-some morphemes cannot stand alone


Term
Words
Definition
-combination of one or more morphemes
Term
Phrases and Sentences
Definition

-organized group of words



Term
Syntax
Definition
-rules that determine word order
Term
Meaning
Definition

-related to concepts and categories (words represent or symbolize concepts)

-words cannot determine this on their own


Term
Phrase Structure
Definition

-phrases organize words into meaningful units

-issue:

*sometimes words alone aren't enough to unambiguously convey meaning

 

 

 

Term
Noam Chomsky
Definition

-set stage for contemporary study of language

-studied how words translate into meaning


Term
Surface Structure
Definition
-the phrase structure of the the current utterance
Term
Deep Structure
Definition
-a canonical phrase structure that has the same meaning as the surface structure
Term
Transformational Grammar
Definition
-rules that transform a deep phrase structure into surface phrase sturctures with the same meaning
Term
Ambiguity
Definition
-when the same wording corresponds to more than one meaning 
Term
Lexical Ambiguity
Definition
-when has two different meanings
Term
Syntatic Ambiguity
Definition
-when words can be grouped together into more than one phrase structure
Term
Lexical Access
Definition

-Get all word meanings from the lexicon, context operates later.
-Context allows you to get only the correct word meaning from the lexicon.

 
Term
Context Effects in Lexical Access
Definition

-all meanings are primed

-all meanings are accessed at first, and only afterwards are meanings determined

 

 

Term
Subject-Verb-Object Order Strategy
Definition

-people have a natural bias to interpret things this was

-reinterpreting takes working memory

Term
Broca's Aphasia
Definition

-difficulty with production

-slow, halting speech

-comprehesion largely intact

Term
Wernicke's Aphasia
Definition

-Fluent speech that makes little sense

-made-up words and word substitutions

-difficulty with comprehesion


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