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Psych 210
Exam 1
82
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
09/24/2012

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Term
Zietgeist
Definition
Spirit of the times
Term
Rationalism
Definition
Mental operations and reasoning must be employed before knowledge can be attained, this is intellectual and deductive. Believes in innate ideas
Term
Empiricism
Definition
The source of all knowledge is sensory observation, no innate ideas, the mind is a blank slate.
Term
Casual Laws
Definition
Specify how events are related. Ie. If we knew the cause of a disease we can predict and control it, therefore casual laws are more powerful then correlational laws
Term
Historicism
Definition
Study of the past for its own sake without trying to evaluate it using today's knowledge
Term
Presentism
Definition
Evaluating and interpreting historical events from today's knowledge because we are more advanced and developed therefore most important.
Term
Induction "bottom-up"
Definition
Moves from specific to general, starts with specific observations then ties them into a larger theory. ie. scientific method
Term
Deduction "top-down"
Definition
Moves from general to specific, used in mathematics, starts with a theory and applies it to a specific hypothesis then makes observations accordingly.
Term
Popper
Definition
Says all observations are interpretation made under the umbrella of hypothesis. Observations therefore can't conform a hypothesis, only falsify one
Term
Kuhn
Definition
there is no meaningful sense by which we progress in science, just different theories to interpret reality under different paradigms.
Term
Correspondence theory of truth
Definition
belief that scientific laws are correct if they correspond with the events in the physical world "reality". Popper accepts this, however Kuhn rejects it saying the paradigm accepted by a group of scientists creates the "reality" that they explore
Term
Theory of the forms
Definition
Plato's idea that reality consists of abstract ideas that correspond to the mathematical world. Knowledge of these are innate and can only been through introspection. Everything around us is just a shadow of the perfect, ideal (mathematical) form of itself
Term
Cylical Hypothesis
Definition
History repeats itself
Term
Linear-progressive
Definition
Belief in inevitable growth and progress of human knowledge and institutions.
Term
Inductive definition
Definition
Technique used by Socrates that examined many individual examples of a concept to see what they all had in common.
Term
Allegory of the cave
Definition

Cave- Physical world we experience

Daylight (outside the cave)- world of truth, world of forms

Prisoners- vast majority of people

escaped prisoner- philosopher

fire- illusions that blind us

shadows- things we believe to be true

Sun- the cause of all things (the form of good)
Term
Asceticism
Definition
Life style characterized by abstinence from worldly pleasures
Term
Reminiscence theory of knowledge
Definition
All knowledge is innate and can be attained only through introspection. At most sensory experiences can remind one of what is already known
Term
Analogy of the divided line
Definition
Hierarchy of understanding, with the lowest being based on images of objects, next the objects themselves, next is an understanding of the underlying mathematical principles, next understanding the forms, and the highest being an understanding of all forms
Term
Dualism
Definition
believed mind and body are separate substances and the body is “contaminating the mind” as it is material and imperfect
Term
Three part soul (Plato)
Definition
Courageous (emotional), rational, and appetitive
Term
Plato
Definition
Dualist, theory of forms, allegory of the cave, deductive, mathematics, analogy of the divided line
Term
Aristotle
Definition
Embraced rationalism and empiricism, however with this in mind we can say he was erring more on the rationalist side
Term
Teleology
Definition
Everything in nature exists for a purpose
Term
Hylomorphism
Definition
Theory by aristotle that views matter and form as inseparable (also called matter-formism)
Term
4 causes- by aristotle
Definition
Material cause (marble), formal cause (form, pattern), efficient cause (energy of the sculptor), and final cause (purpose for the statues existence)
Term
Entelechy
Definition
keeps an object moving or developing until its full potential/built-in function is achieved.
Term
Laws of associationism
Definition
Aristotle created them, contiguity, similarity, and contrast. Automatically link together similar concepts, ideas, and thoughts
Term
De Anima
Definition
First work of psychology, Aristotle wants to know whether all psychological states are also material states of the body.
Term
Vegetative Soul (Aristotle)
Definition
Seeks nutrition
Term
Sensitive Soul (Aristotle)
Definition
Perception, sensation (pain and pleasure), possessed by animals
Term
Rational Soul (Aristotle)
Definition
Thought possessed only by humans
Term
Aristotle is the first to make distinctions between
Definition
remembering and recalling, as well as active and passive
Term
Doctrine of “The Mean”
Definition
Athens is in a war-type situation, therefore for the stability of the state you should act in a way that avoids extremes. Exhibit courage and don’t be timid, but strike a balance.
Term
What Aristotle, Plato, and Socrates had in common
Definition
All believed that in order to live a good life you must take care of yourself, be healthy, good nutrition, etc. Health is a virtue and if you don't take care of yourself your considered immoral
Term
Scala Naturae
Definition
the idea that nature is a hierarchy from the smallest neurons to the biggest “unmoved mover”. The closer to the unmoved mover it is, the more perfect it is.
Term
Eidola
Definition
Tiny copies of yourself, earlier philosophers thought that senses were when objects sent off tiny eidola of themselves. Aristotle proved this wrong, by showing that objects gave off motion
Term
Animism
Definition
primitive humans looked at everything as being alive, making no distinction between animated and inanimate.
Term
Ptolemaic System
Definition
Everything rotated around the earth in a uniform, circular fashion
Term
Nicolaus Copernicus
Definition
argued that rather than the sun revolving around the earth (geocentric theory) the earth revolved around the sun (heliocentric theory). This challenged the church dogma and was therefore rejected
Term
Geocentric theory
Definition
Theory that the sun revolves around the earth
Term
Heliocentric theory
Definition
Prefix: helio means sun therefore its the sun theory aka the earth revolves around the sun
Term
Joannes Kepler
Definition
Found that the sun went in an elliptical pattern, not circular. Embraces induction (observation) and deduction
Term
Galileo
Definition
Saw the universe as a perfect machine whose workings could only be understood in mathematical terms (plato and pythagoreans), deduction, invented telescope, objective and subjective reality. One of the first people to not see everything revolving around humans. Galileo's main target was Aristotle, discrediting one thing after another
Term
Deductive reasoning
Definition
Process of arguing from general to a specific arguement
Term
Subjective reality
Definition
Mind dependent, talking about properties such as warmth and color (depend on perception)
Term
Objective reality (Galileo)
Definition
Length and solidity, things that can be measured
Term
Primary qualities (Galileo)
Definition
Belong to the objective (shape, etc.)
Term
Secondary qualities (Galileo)
Definition
Mind-dependent (temperature, color, etc.), subjective
Term
Theism
Definition
God exists and interacts in the universe
Term
Deism
Definition
God created the universe but had no further involvement, does not intervene, not a personal god. Scientifically respectable belief in god
Term
Ptolemy
Definition
The earth is the center of the universe
Term
Newton
Definition
Deism, saw the world as a complex mathematical machine made by god, mixed but primarily deductive
Term
Francis Bacon
Definition
MAINLY said science should start from a blank slate. Emphasized induction (strongly opposed newtons deduction theory) atheoretical- words, numbers, etc. are a source of bias. Science should be judged by practical applications to society
Term
Descartes
Definition
Thesis, deduction, rationalism, method of doubt, interaction of mind and body (body is just a machine), dualism, reflexes
Term
hyperbolic doubt/method of doubt
Definition
Descartes tries to systematically doubt everything in order to locate something certain
Term
Cogito Ergo Sum
Definition
I think, therefore, I am -Descartes
Term
Reflexes (descartes)
Definition
Nervous system consists of hollow tubes conducting animal spirits, subtle fluids that coursed through the nerves, enlarged the muscles, and thereby create movement. Emotions occur when the spirit effects the mind via the pineal gland.
Term
The unmoved mover
Definition
Aristotle's god, created the universe, not a personal god
Term
Atheoretical
Definition
Stick strictly to facts and ignore theories, words, numbers, eliminate all bias. Judge on practical applications (bacon believed in this)
Term
Dualism
Definition
Two separate aspects to humans, one physical and one mental
Term
Renaissance themes
Definition
Belief in the potential of the individual, religion should be more personal and less institutionalized, intense interest in the classics, and negative attitude towards aristotle's philosophy.
Term
Interactionism
Definition
Descartes version of dualism that saw the mind and body as separate but interacting
Term
Immaterialism
Definition
Barkley says that if you push empiricism far enough the distinction between primary and secondary characteristics are going to collapse and everyone becomes a secondary characteristic, all qualities are mind-dependent
Term
Materialist
Definition
All that exists is matter and motion, all mental experiences can be explained by sensory experience. The mind is nothing but a place to think, nothing deep
Term
Entelchy
Definition
Purpose
Term
Metaphysical Idealism
Definition
The theory that all that exists are minds, ideas, and collections of ideas
Term
"to be is to be perceived"
Definition
Barkley
Term
Impressions (hume)
Definition
ideas that are copied from sensory experience. AKA the copy theory of mind. Can only have ideas for which there are impressions.
Term
Risky predictions
Definition
Predictions derived from scientific theory that run a strong chance of showing the theory to be false.
Term
Cogito Ergo Sum
Definition
I think therefore I am- Descartes
Term
Active reason (aristotle)
Definition
immortal part of the soul that searches for the essences in the material world
Term
Passive reason (aristotle)
Definition
Practical utilization of information, common sense
Term
Postdiction
Definition
Explaining phenomena after its already occurred
Term
Revolutionary stage
Definition
An existing paradigm is replaced by a new paradigm
Term
Copy theory of mind
Definition
Ideas are copied from sensory experience (impressions) and therefore you can't have an idea for something you haven't experienced
Term
Hume's association rules
Definition
resemblance, contiguity and cause and effect.
Term
Mitigated Skepticism: Hume
Definition
Beliefs concerning the following cannot be justified within empiricism: Causality, Existence of God, and Personal Identity. If your an empiricist you can't justify believing that causality exists in nature, you only have an impression of an event, not a causal connection
Term
Contrasted darwin's theory of evolution
Definition
Said essences didn't change, they're fixed -aristotle
Term
Galileo was worried about the visual system skewing our perception
Definition
therefore he came up with the difference between objective and subjective
Term
Positivism
Definition
Direct observation and recording of nature
Term
Four sources of error
Definition
Idols of the cave (personal biases), idols of the tribe (biases due to human nature), idols of the marketplace (biases arise from positive or negative connotations with certain words), and idols of the theatre (biases that arrise from a certain paradigm)
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