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Psych 1A - Mannino
Concepts & Connections
44
Psychology
Not Applicable
09/05/2007

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Term
What is Psychology?
Definition
The scientific study of behavior and mental process.
Term
What are the goals of psychology?
Definition
Describe, explain, predict, and control (behavior and mental process).
Term
What do psychologists do?
Definition
Engage in research and practice.
Term
Which two ancient greeks contributed to psychology?
Definition
Aristotle and Democritus.
Term
What is structualism and who was its founder?
Definition
Using introspection to study objective and subjective elements of experience.
Founder - Wilhelm Wundt.
Term
Who was the first to establish a psychological laboratory? Where and when?
Definition
Wilhelm Wundt - Leipzig, Germany in 1879
Term
What is Funtionalism and who was its founder(s)?
Definition
The school of functionalism focused on observable behavior, conscious experience and focused on importance of habit. Founder - William James.
Term
What is Behaviorism and who was its founder(s)?
Definition
The argument that psychology must limit to observable behavior and not subjective consciousness.
Term
What is the main focus on behaviorism?
Definition
Learning by conditioning and concept of reinforcement.
Term
What is Gestalt psychology?
Definition
It is concerned with perception and the argument of the wholeness of human experiences is more than the sum of its parts.
Term
Who were the founders of Gestalt psychology?
Definition
Wertheimer, Koffka, and Köhler.
Term
What is psychoanalysis and who is the founder?
Definition
The idea that people are driven by hidden impulses that they distort reality to protect themselves from anxiety.
Founder - Sigmund Freud
Term
What is the Evolutionary perspective?
Definition
the arguement that only the "fittest" organsims reach maturity and reproduce, transmitting traits and enabling them to survive to offspring.
Term
What is the biological perspective?
Definition
studies of links between behavior and mental processes on one hand and heredity, the nervous system, and the edocrine system on the other.
Term
What does the endocrine system release into the bloodstream?
Definition
hormones
Term
What is the cognitive perspective?
Definition
concerned with the ways we mentally represent the world and process information.
Term
What do cognitive psychologists do?
Definition
study how we learn, remember the past, plan for the future, solve problems, form judgments, make decisions, and use language.
Term
What is the humanistic-existential perspective?
Definition
psychologists who stress the importance of subjective experience and assert that people have the freedom to make choices.
Term
What is the role of psychoanalysis today? And what these psychologists call themselves now?
Definition
neoanalysts focus less on unconscious process and more on conscious choice and self-direction.
Term
What are two major perspectives on learning?
Definition
behavioral perspective and the social cognitive perspective.
Term
What does behaviorism focus on?
Definition
focuses on environmental influences on learning.
Term
What do psychologists argue about social cognitive theory that they can address?
Definition
that people engage in intentional learning, and that people are free to modify and create environments.
Term
What is the sociocultural perspective?
Definition
focuses on the roles of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status in behavior and mental process.
Term
How have access to education and the field of psychology historically influenced the participation of women and people from various ethnic/racial backgrounds?
Definition
have heightened awareness of issues concerning their groups, such as prejudice and Ebonics.
Term
What is the scientific method?
Definition
an organized way of expanding and refining knowledge. Reaching conclusions about research questions or the accuracy of their hypotheses.
Term
How do psychologists use samples to represent populations?
Definition
a sample (participate) is a segment of a population. samples must accurately represent the population they intend to reflect.
Term
What occurs in a random sample?
Definition
each member of a population han an equal chance of being selected to participate.
Term
What occurs in a stratified sample?
Definition
identified subgroups in the population are represented proportionately in the sample.
Term
What methods of observation are used by psychologists?
Definition
case study, the survey, and the naturalistic observation.
Term
Case studies?
Definition
gather information about the lives of individuals or small groups.
Term
Survey method?
Definition
uses interviews, questionnaires, or public records to gather information about behavior that cannot be observed directly.
Term
Naturalistic observation?
Definition
observes behavior where it happens.
Term
What is the correlational method?
Definition
reveals relationships between variables, but does not determine cause and effect.
Term
What happens in a positive and negative correlation?
Definition
variables increase simultaneously and in the negative, variables increase while the other decreases.
Term
What happens in a positive and negative correlation?
Definition
variables increase simultaneously and in the negative, variables increase while the other decreases.
Term
Experimental method?
Definition
experiments are used to discover cause and effect--that is effects of independant variables on dependent variables.
Term
What is critical thinking?
Definition
associated with skeptical thinking; involves analyzing the questions, statements, and arguments of others.
Term
The roles of genes and chromosomes in heredity.
Definition
Genes are segments of chromosomes. Chromosomes are molecules of DNA. A variation of chromosomes (like SRY) can determine the sex a child and is connected with aggressive behavior.
Term
Kinship studies?
Definition
studies that help pschologists determine the influences of genetic and environmental factors on behavior and mental process.
Term
Selective Breeding?
Definition
one breeds offspring that are closest to a desired trait and continuance of breeding to reach desired breeding goal.
Term
What are neurons?
Definition
Cells that transmit information through neural impulses and glial cells.
Term
structure of a neuron?
Definition
cell body; dendrites (recieve msgs); axons (conduct and then transmit msgs to other cells)
Term
Neural impulses?
Definition
An electric charge conducted along an axon through a process that allows sodium ions to enter the cell, then pumps them out.
Term
When neurons fire.
Definition
defined as releasing neurotransmitters (transmitting messages to other neurons, muscles, or glands)
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