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Psych 1
Ch 6 Midterm Review
22
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
11/07/2011

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Describe Pavlov's conditioning paradigm and what he discovered?
Definition

Pavlov discovered the conditions necessary for his dos to be conditioned to salivate. It was while studying digestion in dogs that Pavlov noted an interesting occurrence- his canine subjects would begin to salivated whenever an assistant came into the room.

                           ( ex. the office clip)

Term
What is Classical Conditioning?
Definition
A type of learning in which a behavior (conditioned response) comes to be elicited by a stimulus (conditioned stimulus) that has acquired its power through an association with a biologically significant stimulus (unconditioned stimulus).
Term

Unconditioned Stimulus


 

Definition

It unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response.

 

(ex. when you smell your favorite foods, you may immediately feel very hungry. In the example, the smell of food is the unconditional stimulus.

 

Term

Unconditioned Response

 


Definition

Is the unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus.

 

(ex. the feel of hunger in response to the smell of the food is the unconditioned response.)

Term

Conditioned Stimulus

 


Definition

A previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response.

 

(ex. imagine when you smelled your favorite food, you also heard the sound of a whistle. While the whistle is unrelated to the smell of the food, if the sound of the whistle was paired multiple times with the smell, the sound would eventually trigger the (CR). In this case, the sound of the whistle is the conditioned stimulus.

Term

Conditioned Response

 


Definition

The learned response to the previously neutral stimulus.

 

(ex. the conditioned response would be feeling hungry when you heard the sound of the whistle).

Term

How have conditioned taste aversions been used in changing behaviors in real world contexts?

 

Definition

They have been used in addictions for drugs and alcohol. In which an organism learning in one trial to avoid a food whose ingestion is followed by illness. 

 

(ex. in the treatments of the addiction to alcohol, the unpleasant feeling of nausea is paired with the consumption of alcohol. When an individual takes the drug and pairs it up with alcohol they will feel very nauseated). 

Term
How was classical conditioning been used to explain and treat phobias?
Definition
Term
What is stimulus discrimination? What is stimulus generalization? How are they relevant t any learning study?
Definition

Stimulus discrimination- a conditioning process in which an organism learns to respond to stimuli that differ from the conditioned stimulus on some dimension.

 

Stimulus generalization- the automatic extension of conditioned responding to similar stimuli that have paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

 

Relevant to a learned study- Little Albert (Watson& Rayner) or Shenger- Krestovnika.

Term
Define acquisition and extinction.
Definition

acquisition- the stage in classical conditioning experiment during which the conditioned responses is first elicited by the conditioned stimulas.

 

extinction- in conditioning, the weakening of a conditioned association in the absence of a reinforcer or unconditioned stimulus.

Term
Discuss some examples of how different species seem to be "prepared" to learn certain kinds of contingencies and not others.
Definition

Biological Preparedness- " Nature creeping into Nurture"

 

-wired in readiness to learn some associations more easily then others.

- instinctive, species specific US. Birds are more likely to associate nausea with visual images.

-rats to taste

 

Term
What is operant conditioning? How does it differ from classical conditioning?
Definition

Operant Conditioning- A consistent relationship between a response and the changes in the environment that it produces. Basically means affecting the environment. Associate your own behavior with consequences.

 

-Operants are not elicited by specific stimuli as classically conditioned behaviors are.

Term
Explain the methods used by Thorndike and Skinner?
Definition

Thorndike and Skinner's view that environmental consequences exert a powerful effect on behavior.

 

Thorndike- Law of Effect, relationship between behavior and its consequences. He used cats in his puzzle boxs.

 

Skinner- Operant chamber, invented an apparatus that allowed him to manipulate the consequences of behavior. 

Term
Explain the methods used by Thorndike and Skinner?
Definition

Thorndike and Skinner's view that environmental consequences exert a powerful effect on behavior.

 

Thorndike- Law of Effect, relationship between behavior and its consequences. He used cats in his puzzle boxs.

 

Skinner- Operant chamber, invented an apparatus that allowed him to manipulate the consequences of behavior. 

Term
How does positive reinforcement differ from negative reinforcement?
Definition

-Positive reinforcement= is followed by the delivery of an appetitive stimulus, increasing the probability of the behavior.

 

-Negative reinforcement= is followed by the delivery of an aversive stimulus, increasing the probability of the behavior. 

- positive reinforcement increases the probability by the presentation of an appetitive stimulus following a response; negative reinforcement does the same in reverse.

 

-reinforcement= always increases the probability of a response recurring.

Term
How does positive punishment differ from negative punishment?
Definition

Positive punishment- behavior that is followed by the delivery of an aversive stimulus. Basically something is added to the situation.

 

Negative situation- behavior that is followed by the delivery of an appetitive stimulus, Basically something is subtracting from the situation.

 

-punishment= always reduces the probability of a response occurring again.

Term
Give two examples of different schedules of reinforcement and explain why they are likely to result in different levels of learning.
Definition

- Discriminative stimulus= stimulus that acts as a predictor of reinforcement, signaling when particular behaviors will result in positive reinforcement.

 

-Three term contingency= the means by which organisms learn that, in the presence of some stimuli but not others, their behavior is likely to have a particular effect on the environment.   

Term
Why is partial reinforcement used so often in the design of video games?
Definition
For a period of time, the child is video game deprived- the rate at which the child would ordinarily play the video game us restricted below normal. To overcome that deprivation, she will learn to work on her homework.
Term
Define "shaping by successive approximations".
Definition
A behavioral method that reinforces responses that successively approximate and ultimately match the desired response.
Term
What does research suggest regarding whether or not spanking is a good form of punishment?
Definition
Data confirms that physical punishment leads to negative child outcomes. 
Term
How is observational learning different from operant conditioning? Give an example observational learning. Define vicarious conditioning.
Definition

Observational behavior- the process of learning new responses by watching the behavior of another.

 

-vicarious conditioning= is a type of observational behavior. the strengthening or weakening of an operant response due to observing whether a model is reinforced or punished, respectively, for producing that response.

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