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Psych 1301
Trinity Dr. Meyer Test 2
242
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
10/31/2011

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Term
Memory
Definition
Mental process that enables us to acquire, retain, and retrieve information.
Term
Encoding
Definition
The process of transforming information into a form that can be entered and retained by the memory system.
Term
Storage
Definition
The process of retaining information in memory so that it can be used at a later time.
Term
Retrieval
Definition
Recovering stored information
Term
Stage model of memory
Definition
Memory is divided into three distinct stages: sensory, short term, and long term
Term
Sensory Memory
Definition
Environmental information is registered for .25-3 seconds. Has a large capacity
Term
Short Term Memory
Definition
Active working memory system in which new information is transferred from sensory memory, old information is retrieved from long term memory. It has a limited capcaity (around 7) and a duration of approximately 20 seconds.
Term
Long Term Memory
Definition
The third memory stage that holds encoded short term memory. Potentially unlimited capacity for information. Its duration is portentially permanent.
Term
George Sperling
Definition
Arranged the experiment in which letters were displayed in 4 rows of 3 letters each. They were flashed on a screen for 1/20 of a second. A high medium or low tone would then sound, indicating a row. The subject would report the letters in the row indictaed by the tone.
Term
Maintenance Rehearsal
Definition
Consciously rehearsing information to maintain it in short term memory.
Term
Chunking
Definition
Grouping related bits of information together into a single unit.
Term
Working Memory
Definition
Short term memory system involved in the temporary storage and active manipulation of informations; in Baddeley's model, includes the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and central executive components.
Term
Elaborative Rehearsal
Definition
Rehearsal which focuses on the meaning of information to help encode and trasfer it to long term memory.
Term
Procedural Memory
Definition
Long term memory of how to perform different skills
Term
Episodic Memory
Definition
Long term memory of specific events or episodes, including the time and place that they occured.
Term
Semantic Memory
Definition
General knowledge that includes facts, names, definitions, concepts, and ideas.
Term
3 types of long term memory
Definition
Procedural, episodic, and semantic
Term
Explicit Memory
Definition
Memory with awareness
Term
Implicit Memory
Definition
memory without awareness
Term
Clustering
Definition
Organizing items into related groups or clusters
Term
Semantic Network Model
Definition
The concept that says whenever one concept is activated in the semantic network, it can spread in any number of directions, activated other associations in the semantic network.
Term
Retrieval Cue
Definition
A clue, prompt, or hint that can help trigger recall of a stored memory.
Term
Retrieval Cue Failure
Definition
THe inability to recall long term memories because of inadequate or missing retrieval cues.
Term
Tip-of-the-Tongue (ToT) Experience
Definition
THe inability to get a bit of information that you're absolutely certain is stored in your memory.
Term
Recall (Free Recall)
Definition
Producing information using no retrieval cues.
Term
Cued Recall
Definition
Remembering an item of information in response to a retrieval cue.
Term
Recognition
Definition
Identifying the correct information from several possible choices.
Term
Serial Position Effect
Definition
The tendancy to retrieve information more easily from the beginning and the end of a list rather than from the middle.
Term
Primacy Effect
Definition
The tendancy to recall the first items in a list.
Term
Recency Effect
Definition
The tendency to recall the final items in a list.
Term
Encoding Specificity Principle
Definition
The principle that re-creating the original learning condition makes retrieval easier.
Term
Context Effect
Definition
The tendency to remember information more easily when the retrieval occurs in the same setting in which you originally learned the information.
Term
Mood Congruence
Definition
The idea that a given mood tends to evoke memories that are consistent with that mood.
Term
Flashbulb Memory
Definition
Is thought to involve the recall of very specific details or images surroundeing a significant, rare, or vivid event, much like a camera flash captures the specific details of a scene.
Term
Forgetting
Definition
The inability to remember information that was previously available.
Term
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Definition
Began the scientific study of forgetting. Plotted the famous Ebbinghaus forgetting curve.
Term
Encoding Failure
Definition
THe information was never incoded into long term memory in the first place.
Term
Prospective Memory
Definition
Remembering to do something in the furture.
Term
Decay Theory
Definition
The theory that postulates that we forget memories because we don't use them and they fade away over time as a matter of normal brain processes.
Term
Interference Theory
Definition
Theory that states that forgetting is caused by one memory competing with or replacing another memory.
Term
Retroactive Interference
Definition
This occurs when a new memory interferes with remembering and old memory.
Term
Proactive Interference
Definition
Occurs when an old memory interferes with remembering a new memory.
Term
Suppression
Definition
A method of forgetting that involves the deliberate, conscious effort to forget information.
Term
Repression
Definition
The kind of forgetting that occurs unconsciously.
Term
Elizabeth Loftus
Definition
A psychologist is at the forefront of research on memory distortions.
Term
Misinformation Effect
Definition
A memory distortion phenomenon in which a person's existing memories can be altered if the person is exposed to misleading information.
Term
Source Confusion
Definition
A memory distortion that occurs when the true source of the memory is forgotten.
Term
False Memory
Definition
A distorted or fabricated recollection of something that did not actually occur.
Term
Schema
Definition
An organized cluster of information about a particular topic.
Term
Script
Definition
A schema for the typical sequence of an everyday event.
Term
Imagination Inflation
Definition
A memory phenomenon in which vividly imagining an event markedly increases confidence that the event actually occurred.
Term
Memory Trace
Definition
The brain changes associated with a particular stored memory.
Term
Karl Lashley
Definition
An American physiological psychologist whose research focused on how learning and memory were represented in the brain.
Term
Richard F. Thompson
Definition
Resumed the search for the location of the memory trace that would confirm Pavlov's speculations 20 years after Lashley's death.
Term
Long Term Potentiation
Definition
A long lasting increase in synaptic strength between two neurons.
Term
Amnesia
Definition
Severe memory loss.
Term
Retrograde Amnesia
Definition
Loss of memory, especially for episodic information; backward-acting amnesia.
Term
Memory Consolidation
Definition
The gradual, physical process of converting new long term memories to stable, enduring long term memory codes.
Term
Anterograde Amnesia
Definition
Loss of memory caused by the inability to store new memories; forward acting amnesia.
Term
Dementia
Definition
Progressive deterioration and impairment of memory, reasoning, and other cognitive functions occurring as the result of a disease or a condition.
Term
Alzheimer's Disease
Definition
A progressive desease that destroys the brain's neurons, gradually impairing memory, thinking, language, and other cognitive functions, resulting in the complete inability to care for oneself; the most common form of dementia.
Term
Developmental Psychology
Definition
The study of how people change physically, mentally, and socially throughout the lifespan.
Term
Zygote
Definition
The single cell formed at conception from the union of the egg cell and sperm cell.
Term
Chromosome
Definition
A long, threadlike structure composed of twisted parallel strands of DNA; found in the cell nucleus.
Term
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Definition
The double-stranded molecule that encodes genetic instructions; the chemical basis of heredity.
Term
Gene
Definition
A unity of DNA on a chromosome that encodes instructions for making a particular protein molecule; the basic unity of heredity.
Term
Genotype
Definition
The genetic makeup of an individual organism.
Term
Human Genome
Definition
The scientific description of the complete set of DNA in the human organism, including gene locations.
Term
Allele
Definition
One of the different forms of a particular gene.
Term
Phenotype
Definition
The observable traits of characteristics of an organism as determined by the interaction of genetics and environmental factors.
Term
Sex Chromosomes
Definition
Chromosomes, designated as X or Y, that determine biological sex; the 23rd pair of chromosomes in humans.
Term
Prenatal Stage
Definition
The stage of development before birth; divided into the germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods.
Term
Germinal Period
Definition
The first two weeks of prenatal development.
Term
Embryonic Period
Definition
The second period of prenatal development, extending from the thrid week through the eighth week.
Term
Teratogens
Definition
Harmful agents or substances that can cause malfromations or defects in an embryo or fetus.
Term
Fetal Period
Definition
The third and longest period of prenatal development, extending from the ninth week until birth.
Term
Temperment
Definition
Inborn predispositions to consistently behave and react in a certain way.
Term
Attachment
Definition
The emotional bond that forms between an infant and caregiver(s), especially his or her parents.
Term
Consciousness
Definition
Personal awareness of mental activities, internal sensations, and the xternal environment.
Term
Ciracadian Rhythm
Definition
A cycle or rhythm that is roughly 24 hours long; the cyclical daily fluctuations in biological and psychological processes.
Term
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
Definition
A cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus in the brain that governs the timing of circadian rhythms.
Term
Melatonin
Definition
A hormone manufactured by the pineal gland that produces sleepiness.
Term
Electroencephalograph
Definition
An instrument that uses electrodes placed on the scalp to measure and record the brain's electrical activity.
Term
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Definition
The graphic record of brain activity produced by an electroencephalograph.
Term
REM sleep
Definition
Type of sleep during which rapid eye movements (REM) and dreaming usually occur and voluntary muscle activity is suppressed; also called active sleep or paradoxical sleep.
Term
NREM sleep
Definition
Quiet, typically dreamless sleep in which rapid eye movements are absent; divided into four stages; also called quiet sleep.
Term
Beta Brain Waves
Definition
Brain-wave pattern associated with alert wakefulness.
Term
Alpha Brain Waes
Definition
Brain-wave pattern asssociated with relaxed wakefulness and drowsiness.
Term
Hypnagogic Hallucinations
Definition
Vivid sensory phenomena that occur during the onset of sleep.
Term
Sleep Spindles
Definition
Short bursts of brain activity that characterize stage 2 NREM sleep.
Term
K complex
Definition
Single but large high voltage spike of brain activity that characterizes stage 2 NREM sleep.
Term
Sleep Paralysis
Definition
A temporary condition in which a person is unable to move upon awakening in the morning or during the night.
Term
REM rebound
Definition
A phenomenon in which a person who is deprived of REM sleep greatly increases the amount of time spent in REM sleep at the first opportunity to sleep uninterrupted.
Term
Restorative Theory of Sleep
Definition
The view that sleep and dreaming are essential to normal physical and mental functioning.
Term
Adaptive Theory of Sleep
Definition
Theview that the unique sleep patterns of different animals evolved over time to help promote survival and environmental adaptation; also called evolutionary theory of sleep.
Term
Sleep Thinking
Definition
Repetitive, bland, and uncreative ruminations about real life events during sleep.
Term
Dream
Definition
A storylike episode of unfolding mental imagery during sleep.
Term
Nightmare
Definition
A frightening or unpleasant anxiety dream that occurs during REM sleep.
Term
Manifest Content
Definition
In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the elements of a dream that are consciously experienced and remembered by the dreamer.
Term
Latent Content
Definition
In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the unconscious wishes, thoughts, and urges that are concealed in themanifest content of a dream.
Term
Activation-Sythesis Model of Dreaming
Definition
The theory that brain activity during sleep produces dream images (activation), which are combined by the brain into a dream story.
Term
Sleep Disorders
Definition
Serious disturbances in the normal sleep pattern that interfere with daytime functioning and cause subjective distress.
Term
Dyssomnias
Definition
Sleep disorders involving disruptions in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep.
Term
Parasomnias
Definition
A category of sleep disorders characterized by arousal or activation during sleep or sleep transitions; includes sleepwalking, night terrors, sleep bruxism, sleep-related eating disorder, and REM sleep sleep behavior disorder.
Term
Insomnia
Definition
A condition in which a person regularly experiences an inablility to fall asleep, to stay asleep, or to feel adequately rested by sleep.
Term
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)
Definition
A sleep disorder in which the person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep.
Term
Narcolepsy
Definition
A sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and breif lapses into sleep thoughout the day.
Term
Cataplexy
Definition
A sudden loss of voluntary muscle strength and control that is usually triggered by an intense emotion.
Term
Hypocretins
Definition
A special class of neurotransmitters produced during the daytime to maintain a steady state of wakefulness.
Term
Sleep Terrors
Definition
A sleep disturbance characterized by an episode of increased physiological arousal, intense fear and panic, frightening hallucinations, and no recall of the episode the next morning; typically occurs during stage 3 or stage 4 NREM sleep; also called night terrors.
Term
Sleepsex
Definition
A sleep disorder involving abnormal sexual behaviors and experences during sleep; sexsomnia.
Term
Sleepwalking
Definition
A sleep disturbance characterized by an episode of walking or performing other actions during stage 3 or stage 4 NREM sleep; also called somnambulism.
Term
Sleep-Related Eating Disorder
Definition
A sleep disorder in which the sleeper will sleepwalk and eat compulsively.
Term
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
Definition
A sleep disorder in which the sleeper verbally and physically responds to the dream story; the result of a failure of the brain mechanisms that normally suppress voluntary actions during REM sleep.
Term
Hypnosis
Definition
A cooperative social interaction in which the hypnotized person responds to the hypnosist's suggestions with changes in perception, memory, and behavior.
Term
Posthypnotic Suggestion
Definition
A suggestion mad during hypnosis that the person should carry out a specific instruction following the hypnotic session.
Term
Posthypnotic Amnesia
Definition
The inability to recall specific information because of a hypnotic suggestion.
Term
Hyperamnesia
Definition
The supposed enhancement of a persons memory for past events through a hypnotic suggestion.
Term
Dissociation
Definition
The splitting of consciousness into two or more simultaneous streams of mental activity.
Term
Neodissociation Theory of Hypnosis
Definition
Theory proposed by Ernest Hilgard that explains hypnotic effects as being due to the splitting of consciousness into two simultaneous streams of mental activity, only one of which the hypnotic participant is consciously aware of during the hypnosis.
Term
Hidden Observer
Definition
Hilgard's term for the hidden, or dissociated, stream of mental activity that continues during hypnosis.
Term
Meditation
Definition
Any one of a number of sustained concentration techniques that focus attention and heighten awareness.
Term
Psychoactive Drug
Definition
A drug that alters consciousness, perception, mood, and behavior.
Term
Physical Dependence
Definition
A condition in which a person has physically adapted to a drug so that he or she must take the drug regularly in order to avoid withdrawal symptoms.
Term
Drug Tolerance
Definition
A condition in which increasing amounts of a physically addictive drug are needed to produce the original, desired effect.
Term
Withdrawal Symptoms
Definition
Unpleasant physcial reactions, combined with intese drug cravings, that occur when a person abstains from a drug on which he or she is physically dependent.
Term
Drug Rebound Effect
Definition
Withdrawal symptoms that are the opposite of a physically addictive drug's action.
Term
Drug Abuse
Definition
Recurrent drug use that results in disruptions in academic, social, or occupational functioning or in legal or psychological problems.
Term
Depressants
Definition

A category of psychoactive drugs that depress or inhibit brain activity.

Term
Inhalants
Definition
Chemical substances that are inhaled to produce and alteration in consciousness
Term
Barbiturates
Definition
A category of depressant drugs that reduce anxiety and produce sleepiness.
Term
Tranquilizers
Definition
Depressant drugs that relieve anxiety.
Term
Opiates
Definition
A category of psychoactive drugs that are chemically similar to morphine and have strong pain relieveing properties.
Term
Stimulants
Definition
A category of psychoactive drugs that increase brain activity, arouse behavior, and increase mental alertness.
Term
Caffeine
Definition
A stimulant drug found in coffee, tea, cola drinks, chocolate, and many over-the-counter medications.
Term
Nicotine
Definition
A stimulant drug found in tabacco products.
Term
Amphetamines
Definition
A class of stimulant drugs that arouse the central nervous system and suppress appetite.
Term
Cocaine
Definition
A stimulant drug derived from the coca tree.
Term
Stiulant-Induced Psychosis
Definition
Schizophrenia-like symptoms that can occur as the result of prolonged amphetamine or cocaine use; also called amphetamine psychosis or cocain psychosis.
Term
Psychedelic Drugs
Definition
A category of psychoactive drugs that create sensory and perceptual distortions, alter mood, and affect thinking.
Term
Mescaline
Definition
A psychedelic drug derived from the peyote cactus.
Term
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)
Definition
A synthetic psychedelic drug.
Term
Marijuana
Definition
A psychoactive drug derived from the hemp plant.
Term
MDMA (Ecstasy)
Definition
Synthetic club drug that combines stimulant and mild psychedelic effects.
Term
Dissociative Anesthetics
Definition
Class of drugs that reduce sensitivity to pain and produce feelings of detachment and dissociation; includes the club drugs phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine.
Term
Learning
Definition
A process that produces a relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result of past experience.
Term
Conditioning
Definition
The process of leaning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses.
Term
Classical Conditioning
Definition
The basic learning process that involves repeatedly pairing an eutral stimulus with a response-producing stimulus until the neutral stimulis elicits the same response; also called respondednt conditioningor Pavlovian conditioning.
Term
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Definition
The natural stimulus that reflexively elicits a response without the need for prior learning.
Term
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Definition
The unlearned, reflexive response that is elicited by a UCS.
Term
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Definition
A formerly neutral stimulus that acquires the capacity to elicit a reflexive response.
Term
Conditioned Response (CE)
Definition
The learned, reflexive response to a CS.
Term
Stimulus Generalization
Definition
The occurrence of a learned response not only to the orginial stimulus but to other, similar stimuli as well.
Term
Stimulus Discrimination
Definition
The occurrence of a learned response to a specific stimulus but not to other, similar stimuli.
Term
Higher Order Conditioning (aka Second-order Conditioning)
Definition
A procedure in which a conditioned stimulus from one learning trial functions as the unconditioned stimulus in a new conditioning trial; the second conditioned stimulus comes to elicit the conditioned response, even though it has never been directly paired with the unconditioned stimulus.
Term
Extinction (in Classical Conditioning)
Definition
The gradual weakening and apparent disappearence of conditioned behavior. Incalssical conditioning, this occurs when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.
Term
Spontaneous Recovery
Definition
The reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of time without exposure to the conditioned stimulus.
Term
Behaviorism
Definition
School of psychology and theoretical viewpoint that emphasize the scientific study of observable behaviors, especially as they pertain to the process of learning.
Term
Placebo Response
Definition
An individual's psychological and physiological response to what is actually a fake treatment or drug; also called placebo effect.
Term
Taste Aversion
Definition
A classically conditioned dislike for and avoidance of a particular food that develops when an organism becomes ill after eating the food.
Term
Biological Preparedness
Definition
In learning theory, the idea that an organism is innately predisposed to form associations between certain stimuli and repsonses.
Term
Law of Effect
Definition
Learning principle proposed by Thorndike that responses followed by a satisfying effect become strengthened and are more likely to recur in a particular situation, while responses followed by a dissatisfying effect are weakened and less likely to recur in a particular situation.
Term
Operant
Definition
Skinner's term for an actively emitted (or voluntary) behavior that operates on the environment to produnce consequences.
Term
Operant Conditioning
Definition
The basic learning process that involves changing the probability that a response will be repeated by manipulating the consequences of that response; also called Skinnerian conditioning.
Term
Reinforcement
Definition
The occurence of a stimulus or event following a response that increases the likelihood of that response being repeated.
Term
Positive Reinforcement
Definition
A situation in which a response is followed by the addition of a reinforcing stimulus, increasing the likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations.
Term
Negative Reinforcement
Definition
A situation in which a response results in the removal of, avoidance of, or espace from an aversive stimulus, increasing the likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations.
Term
Primary Reinforcer
Definition
A stimulus or event that is naturally or inherently reinforcing for a given species, such as food, water, or other biological necessities.
Term
Conditioned Reinforcer
Definition
A stimulus or event that has acquired reinforcing value by being associated with a primary reinforcer; also called a secondary reinforcer.
Term
Punishment
Definition
The presentation of a stimulus or event following a behavior that acts to decrease the likelihood of the behavior's being repeated.
Term
Punishment by Application
Definition
A situation in which an operant is followed by the presentation or addition of an aversive stimulus; also called positive punishment.
Term
Punishment by Removal
Definition
A situation in which an operant is followed by the removal or subtraction of a reinforcing stimulus; also called negative punishment.
Term
Discriminative Stimulus
Definition
A specific stimulus in the prescence of which a particular response is more likely to be reinforced, and in the absence of which a particular response is not reinforced.
Term
Operant Chamber (Skinner Box)
Definition
The operant conditioning procedure of selectively reinforcing successively closer approximations of a goal behavior until the goal behavior is displayed.
Term
COntinuous Reinforcement
Definition
A schedule of reinforcement in which every occurrence of a particular response is reinforced.
Term
Partial Reinforcement
Definition
A situation in which the occurrence of a particular response is only sometimes followed by a reinforcer.
Term
Extinction (in Operant Conditioning)
Definition
The gradual weakening and disappearence of conditioned behavior. In operant conditioning, extinction occurs when an emitted behavior is no longer followed by a reinforcer.
Term
Partial Reinforcement Effect
Definition
The Phenomenon in which behaviors that are conditioned using partial reinforcement are more resistant to extinction than behaviors that are conditioned using continuous reinforcement.
Term
Schedule of Reinforcement
Definition
The delivery of a reinforcer according to a preset pattern based on the number of responses or the time interval between responses.
Term
Fixed-Ratio (FR) Schedule
Definition
A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered after a fixed number of responses has occured.
Term
Variable-Ratio (VR) Schedule
Definition
A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforceer is delivered after an average number of responses, which varies unpredictably from trial to trial.
Term
Fixed-Interval (FI) Schedule
Definition
A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delevered for the first response that occurs after a preset time interval has elapsed.
Term
Variable-Interval (VI) Schedule
Definition
A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurse after an average time interval, which varies unpredictably from trial to trial.
Term
Behavior Modification
Definition
The application of learning principles to help people develop more effective or adaptive behaviors.
Term
Cognitive Map
Definition
TOlman's term for the mental representation of the layout of a familiar environment.
Term
Latent Learning
Definition
Tolman's term learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement but is not hehaviorally demonstrated until a reinforcer becomes available.
Term
Learned Helplessness
Definition
A phenomenon in which exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable aversive events produces passive behavior.
Term
Instinctive Drift
Definition
The tendency of an animal to revert to instinctive behaviors that can interfere with the performance of an operantly conditioned response.
Term
Observational Learning
Definition
Learning that occurs through observing the actions of others.
Term
Albert Bandura
Definition
Psychologist who performed the Classic Bobo Doll Experiment.
Term
Color
Definition
The perceptual experience of different wavelengths of light, involving hue, saturation (purity), and brightness (intensity).
Term
Hue
Definition
The property of wavelengths of light known as color; different wavelengths correspond to our subjective experience of different colors.
Term
Saturation
Definition
The property of color that corresponds to the purity of the light wave.
Term
Brightness
Definition
The percieved intesity of a color, which corresponds to the amplitude of the light wave.
Term
Trichromatic Theory of Color Vision
Definition
The theory that the sensation of color results because cones in the retina are especially sensitive to red light, green light, or blue light.
Term
Color Blindness
Definition
One of several inherited forms of color deficiency or weakness in which an individual cannot distinguish between certain colors.
Term
Afterimage
Definition
A visual experience that occurs after the original source of stimulation is no longer present.
Term
Opponent-Process Theory of Color Vision
Definition
The theory that color vision is the product of opposing pairs of color receptors, red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white; when one member of a color pair is stimulated, the other member is inhibited.
Term
Audition
Definition
The technical term for the sense of hearing.
Term
Loudness
Definition
The intensity (or amplitude) of a sound wave, measured in decibels.
Term
Amplitude
Definition
The intesity or amount of energy of a wave, reflected in the height of the wave; the amplitude of a sound wave determines a sound's loudness.
Term
Decibel
Definition
The unit of measurement for loudness.
Term
Pitch
Definition
The relative highness or lowness of a sound, determined by the frequency of a sound wave.
Term
Frequency
Definition
The rate of vibration, or the number of sound waves per second.
Term
Timbre
Definition
The distinctive quality of sound, determined by the conplexity of the sound wave.
Term
Outer Ear
Definition
The part of the ear that collects sound waves; consists of the pinna, the ear canal, and the eardrum.
Term
Eardrum
Definition
A tightly stretched membrane at the end of the ear canal that vibrates when hit by soundwaves.
Term
Middle Ear
Definition
The part of the ear that amplifies sound waves; consists of three small bones: the hammer, the anvil and the stirrup.
Term
Inner Ear
Definition
The part of the ear where sound is transduced into neural impulses; consists of the cochlea and semicircular canals.
Term
Cochlea
Definition
The coiled, fluid-filled inner ear structure that contains the basilar membrane and hair cells.
Term
Basilar Membrane
Definition
The membrane within the cochlea of the ear that contains the hair cells.
Term
Hair Cells
Definition
The hairlike sensory receptors for sound, which are embedded in the basilar membrane of the cochlea.
Term
Frequency Theory
Definition
The view that the basilar membrane vibrates at the same frequency as the sound wave.
Term
Place Theory
Definition
The view that different frequencies cause larger vibrations at different locations along the basilar membrane.
Term
Olfaction
Definition
Technical name for the sense of smell.
Term
Gustation
Definition
Techincal name for the sense of taste.
Term
Olfactory Bulb
Definition
The enlarged ending of the olfactory cortex at the front of the brain where the sensation of smeel is registered.
Term
Pheromones
Definition
Chemical signals released by an animal that communicate information and affect the behavior of other animals of the same species.
Term
Taste Buds
Definition
The specialized sensory receptores for taste that are located on the tongue and inside the mouth and throat.
Term
Pain
Definition
The unpleasant sensation of physical discomfort or suffering that can occur in varying degrees of intesity.
Term
Nociceptors
Definition
Specialized sensory receptors for pain that are found in the skin, muscles, and internal organs.
Term
Substance P
Definition
A neurotransmitter that is involved in the transmission of pain messages to the brain.
Term
Gate-Control Theory of Pain
Definition
The theory that pain is a prduct of both physiological and psychological factors that cause spinal gates to open and relay patterns of intense stimulation to the brain, which percieves them as pain.
Term
Kinesthetic Sense
Definition
The technical name for the sense of location and position of body parts in relation to one another.
Term
Proprioceptors
Definition
Sensory receptors, located in the muscles and joints, that provide information about body position and movement.
Term
Vestibular Sense
Definition
The technical name for the sense of balance, or equilibrium.
Term
Bottom-Up Processing
Definition
Information processing that emphasizes the importance of the sensory receptors in detecting the basic features of a stimulus in the process of recognizing a whole pattern, analysis that moves from the parts to the whole; also called data-driven processing.
Term
Top-Down Processing
Definition
Information processing that emphasizes the importance of the observer's knowledge, expectations, and other cognitive processes in arriving at a meaningful perceptions; analysis that moves from the whole to the parts is also called conceptually driven processing.
Term
Gestalt Psychology
Definition
A school of psychology founded in Germany in the early 1900s that maintained that our sensations are actively processed according to consistent perceptual rules that result in meaningful whole perceptions, or gestalts.
Term
Extrasensory Perception (ESP)
Definition
Perception of information by some means other than through the normal processes of sensation.
Term
Parapsychology
Definition
The scientific investigation of claims of paranormal phenomena and abilities.
Term
Depth Perception
Definition
The use of visual cues to percieve the distance or three-dimensional characteristics of objects.
Term
Monocular Clues
Definition
Distance or depth cues that can be processed by either eye alone.
Term
Binocular Cues
Definition
Distance or depth cues that require the use of both eyes.
Term
Perceptual Constancy
Definition
The tendency to perceive objects, espectially familiar objects, as constant and unchanging despite changes in sensory input.
Term
Size Constancy
Definition
The perception of an object as maintaining the same size despite changing images on the retina.
Term
Shape Constancy
Definition
The perception of a familiar object as maintaining the same shape regardless of the image produced on the retina.
Term
Perceptual Illusion
Definition
The misperception of the true characteristics of an object or an image.
Term
Muller-Lyer Illusion
Definition
A famous visual illusion involving the misperception of the identical length of two lines, on with arrows pointed inward, one with arrows pointed outward.
Term
Moon Illusion
Definition
A visual illusion involving the misperception that the moon is larger whin it is on the horizon than when it is directly overhead.
Term
Perceptual Set
Definition
The tendency to percieve objects or situations from a particular fram of reference.
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